Earthquake Resistant Design

Lecture 2
1. Engineering Seismology

Bachelor in Civil Engineering

Nepal Engineering College
Changunarayan,Bhaktapur
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
•Most important aspect of an earthquake’s
ground motion is its effect on structures.
•Can be measured on
–Intensity.
• Subjective
• Used where instruments are not available
• Very useful in historical seismicity
–Magnitude.
• Measured with seismometers
• Direct measure of energy released
•Possible confusion due to different measures
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
•Intensity
–Oldest measure
–Measure of EQ’s local Destructiveness.
–Vary from site to site.
–Taken the greatest in the vicinity of epicenter.
–Most commonly used intensities are:
•Rossi (Italy) – Forel (Switzerland) Scale (1893) →10 (Switzerland
code)
•Mercalli, Cancani, Siebery Scale (1902) →12 (Western Europe)
•Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (1931) →12 (U.S and Asia)
•Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) Scale (1952) →7
•Medvedez, Spoonheur, Karnik (MSK) Scale (1964) →12 (Europe)
•Chinese Scale (1980) →12
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (1931)
• Developed by G. Mercalli in 1902
• Subjective measure of human reaction and damage
• Modified by Wood and Neuman to fit California construction
conditions
• Intensity range I (lowest) to XII (most severe)
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (1931)
I. Not felt except by a few under especially favorable circumstances.
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors if buildings. Suspended
objects may swing.
III. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Standing
automobiles may rock slightly. Vibration like passing truck.
IV. During the day, felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night, some awakened.
Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation like heavy
truck striking building. Standing automobiles rocked noticeably. [0.015 to 0.02g]
V. Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some dishes and windows broken.
Cracked plaster. Unstable objects overturned. Disturbance of trees, poles and other
tall objects. [0.03 to 0.04g]
VI. Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy furniture moved. Fallen
plaster and damaged chimneys. Damage slight. [0.06 to 0.07g]
VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and
construction, slight to moderate in well built ordinary structures, considerable in
poorly built or badly designed structures. Noticed by persons driving cars. [0.10 to 0.
15g]
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale (1931)
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures, considerable in ordinary
construction, great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, stacks, monuments.
Sand and mud ejected is small amounts. Changes in well water. Persons driving cars
disturbed. [0.25 to 0.30g]
IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures, well designed frame
structures thrown out of plumb, damage great in substantial buildings with partial
collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously.
nderground pipes broken. [0.50 to 0.55g]
X. Some well built wooden structures destroyed. Most masonry and frame structures
destroyed with foundations badly cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerable from
river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed over
banks.[More than 0.60g]
XI. Few, if any, (masonry) structures left standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures in
ground. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Earth slumps and land
slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly.
XII. Damage total. Waves seen on ground surface. Lines of sight and level distorted.
Objects thrown into air.
Isoseismal Map
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
• Magnitude
– Measure of the energy released at the source.
1. Richter local Magnitude
• Used universally.
• Definition: “Magnitude (M) is the common logarithm of
the trace amplitude, in microns, of a standard Wood
Anderson seismograph having a magnification factor
of 2800, a natural period of 0.8 secs and a damping
coefficient of 80% and located on form ground 100km
from the epicenter.” i.e M = Log10A-Log10A0
• A0=amplitude of zero earthquake (having amplitude
of 1 μm)
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
• Magnitude
2. Surface wave Magnitude
• Gutenberg and Richter (1936)
• Based on amplitude of Rayleigh waves with period 20 sec.
• Ms = logA+1.66log∆+2
– A = maximum ground displacement in micrometers
– ∆ = epicentral distance.
• Can be used to describe shallow focal depth (less than 70km)
3. Body wave Magnitude
• Gutenberg, 1945 - based on the amplitude of the first few cycles
of p waves.
• Ms = logA-logT+0.01log∆+5.9
– A= P wave amplitude in micrtometers.
– T= Period of time (usuallu 1 sec)
– ∆ = epicentral distance
• Can be used for deep focus earthquake.
 MEASURES OF EARTHQUAKE
• Magnitude
2. Moment Magnitude d
b
Mm =2/3(log Mo-16) F b F
Mm = Moment Magnitude.
Moment of couple, Mo = F*2b
Strained volume
Strain = d/2b before rupture
Rupture plane
Stress =F/A = μ*strain = μ*d/2b
Force F = μ*A*d/2b
Mo =μAd
A= rupture area
μ = rupture strength of the material along fault.
d = Displacement of slip
Mo =Seismic moment in dyne -cm
 EARTHQUAKE ENERGY
• Gutternberg and Richter, 1956
• Log E = 4.4+1.5Ms
– E is expressed in ergs (1erg = 7.5*10-8 ft-lb)
 Comparison of Intensity and Magnitude

• Intensity • Magnitude
• How strong earthquakes feels • Related to energy
by observer released
• Qualitative assessment of • Quantitative measure of
damages done by earthquakes energy released
• Depends on distance, structure • Depends on size of fault
type, geology and strength. and breaks
• Determined from intensity of • Determined from seismic
shaking and damaged caused. records.
 Damage due to Earthquakes
Earthquakes have varied effects, including changes in geologic
features, damage to man-made structures and impact on human and
animal life.

Earthquake Damage depends on many factors:

• The size of the Earthquake
• The distance from the focus of the earthquake
• The properties of the materials at the site
• The nature of the structures in the area
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
1. Ground Shaking
2. Structural Hazards
3. Liquefaction
4. Landslides
5. Retaining Structure Failures
6. Lifeline Hazards
7. Tsunami
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Collapse of Buildings
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking
Causes failure of lifelines
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Flow failures of structures are caused by loss of strength of

underlying soil

Nishinomia Bridge 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan

Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Sand Boil: Ground water rushing to the surface due to

liquefaction
 Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Lateral spreading in the soil beneath embankment causes the

embankment to be pulled apart, producing the large crack down the
center of the road.
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction

Liquefied soil exerts higher pressure on retaining

walls, which can cause them to tilt or slide.
 Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes sometimes
cause fire due to broken gas
lines, contributing to the loss
of life and economy.

The destruction of lifelines and

utilities make impossible for
firefighters to reach fires started
and make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction
Earthquake Destruction
Earthquake Destruction: Landslide