TE2101

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
DR. SUMUDU EDIRISINGHE
MR. IMRAN UVAIS
INTRO VIDEOS
• Information
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioP0N4zYJeA
• History
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGc_MFFlzFE
• Telephone
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWPwgDd9_UA
• Satellite
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNqxIYSt0b0
• Fiber Optics
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DOOuAaXguI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_ErFUv8HYs
• Mobile phones
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNSaaRRkEnQ
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ASSIGNMENT

• Create an historical timeline on significant developments in

Telecommunication
• Submit a word document at next weeks lesson

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COURSE CONTENT

• Basic concepts in telecommunication • Analog communication systems

systems • Modulation and demodulation
• Concept and history • AM, FM, PM
• Signal types, channels, transmission modes • ASK, FSK PSK
• Network types • Digital communication systems
• Telecommunication networks and switching • PCM, Sampling and Quantization
• Network architectures • Noise
• Introduction to 7 layer model
• Impairments affecting various modes of
communication
• Loss, delay, distortion, cross-talk
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COURSE TEXT BOOKS

• J.J. O’Reilly, “Telecommunication Principles”, 2nd Edition, 1989, Chapman & Hall, London
(available in Library)
• J.G. Proakis & M. Salehi, “Communication Systems Engineering”, 1st Edition, 1994,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey
• R.L. Freeman, “Fundamentals of telecommunications”, 1st Edition, John Wiley, New York
• L Goleniewski, “Telecommunication Essentials”, 1st Edition, Addison-Wesley, Boston
• A.Z Dodd, “The essential guide to Telecommunications”, 3rd Edition, 2002, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey
• J. Dunlop & D.G. Smith, “Telecommunications Engineering”, 2nd Edition, 1989, Van
Nostrand Reinhold, London

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WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION

• Transmission of signals, messages, words….

• From one point to another such as telephony
• Sometimes multiple points such as television or radio
• Using a communication channel
• Using electricity or optics on cables
• Electromagnetically over space
• Sound or light over space
• History
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLzgRU25tXM

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 COMMUNICATION LINK

Encoder Message Message Decoder

Modulator Source Sink Demodulator

Delay Noise

Loss

Distortion
Interference
Communication Channel 7
TYPES OF SIGNAL

Human Voice

Television

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 TYPES OF SIGNAL

Binary (Digital)
Internet data

Bandpass signal
Usually after transmission

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COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

• Ideal communication channel • Free space (Radio waves)

• Where all the transmitted frequencies are • Line of sight (LOS)
delivered to the receiver without change
• Satellite communication
• There is no loss weakening the signal
• Guided wave systems
• Will deliver the signal without delay
• Twisted pair / Coaxial cable (Copper)
• In reality every communication channel • Optical fibre
have issues
• Most act as bandpass filters
• Introduce delay to the signal
• Strength of the signal deteriorate with distance

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RADIO FREQUENCY WAVE TRANSMISSION

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 LOS COMMUNICATION Frequency Ban Description
d
3-30Hz ELF Extremely low
frequency
30-300Hz SLF Super low frequency

0.3-3kHz ULF Ultra low frequency

3-30kHz VLF Very Low frequency

30-300kHz LF Low frequency

0.3-3MHz MF Medium frequency

3-30MHz HF High frequency

• ELF – VLF for submarines and mine communication 30- VHF Very high frequency
300MHz
• UHF for TV and Satellite communication 0.3-3GHz UHF Ultra high frequency
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LOS – SIGNAL TYPES
• HF
• Skywaves reflect by ionosphere
• VLF
• Aviation and military
• Short distance ground waves (~100m)
• Short wave radio
• Loudspeaker
• Maritime use
• LF
• VHF
• AM radio (long wave)
• FM radio
• They can bend around objects
• Air traffic control
• MF • Television
• AM radio (Medium wave)
• UHF
• Coast guard & Naval distress
• Cell phones
• Ground wave that bend & Reflected from
Ionosphere • GPS
• Television
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TRANSMISSION MODES USING LOS

• Point to point
• Telephony and data transmission
• Aviation communication
• Usually two directional
• Uses directional antenna
• Point to Multipoint (Broadcast)
• TV and Radio signals
• Many receivers can receive the same signal at
the same time
• Usually uni directional
• Uses Isotropic antenna (omni directional)
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DISH ANTENNA
• Gain of an antenna is given by
𝜋𝐷 2
• 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log 𝑘
𝜆
• K is the efficiency of the antenna
• D is the diameter, f is the focal length and d is the
depth

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QUESTION

• What is the Gain of a Parabolic antenna with 100% efficiency and a dish diameter of
1m for a 1GHz signal?
• Usually the efficiency of a domestic dish antenna is about 55%. What is the gain of
antenna for a 1GHz signal?
• Usually TV signals have a frequency of 5.5MHz. What is the gain of the signal now?
• The Analogue antenna at Padukka Satellite station had diameter of 30m.
• What is the signal gain when receiving a signal from a TV broadcast satellite at 4GHz?

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 GROUND WAVE TRANSMISSION

• Effective transmission is achieved

• When there is no obstructions in the Fresnel Zone
• For directional antenna Fresnel Zone 1 shows the
highest strength of signal wave
• Radius of a given Fresnel zone at a point P is
given by
𝑛𝜆𝑑1 𝑑2
• 𝐹𝑛 =
𝑑1 +𝑑2

• n will be 1 for 1st Fresnel zone with d1,d2 >nλ

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

• Geo stationary satellites orbits around

36000km above sea level
• 3 satellites cover the whole globe
• GPS is orbits around 20200km above sea
level on a medium earth orbit
• 24 satellites and each goes around the earth
twice a day
• GPS satellites use 1176MHz-1576MHz
• TV and data satellites use 5.9-6.4GHz uplink
and 3.7 to 4.2GHz downlink
• Commercial use 14GHz uplink and 10.9 to
12.75GHz downlink
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QUESTION?

• Why is uplink and downlink of a satellite • Why is the uplink always higher
communication different? frequency compared to down link?
• Why is there a gap between uplink and
downlink frequencies?

5.6GHz 3.7GHz

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IMPAIRMENTS OF RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION

• Attenuation
• Degradation of signal strength through air
• Also known as free space path loss (FSPL)
• Attenuation is measured in decibels
• Measures the relative difference in power at
two points
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 𝑟1 2 𝑟1 P1
• = = 20 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 dB P2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑃2 𝑟2 𝑟2
r1
r2
4𝜋𝑟1 2
• 𝐹𝑆𝑃𝐿 𝑎𝑡 𝑃1 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 10 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝜆

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IMPAIRMENTS OF RADIO WAVE TRANSMISSION
• Atmospheric absorption (fading)
• Water vapor and Oxygen increases attenuation
• Depends on weather conditions
• Multipath interference
• Causes crosstalk
• copies of the same signal gets overlaid
• Due to reflections from objects
• Multiple path transmission
• Attenuation from other objects
• Solid material in the path increase loss
• Refraction
• Bending of Radio waves during propagation
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QUESTIONS
• A medium frequency wave antenna
operates at 1MHz
• What is the FSPL in dB of a signal received at
900m away from the transmitter?
• What is the relative power ratio of signals
received at 900m and at 1.8km?
• What is the time delay between a signal
being send to a geostationary satellite
and receiving it
• This is known as latency
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GUIDED WAVE TRANSMISSION

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GUIDED WAVE MEDIA
• Twisted pair cables
• Level1 supports up to 300KHz
• Used for Telephone lines
• Cat6 supports up to 300MHz
• Used for ISDN and data
• Co-axial cables
• Depending on the cable type and length
• Supports 3MHz to 3GHz
• Used in Television cables to High speed electronics
• Fibre-optic cables
• Supports very high data rates at very long distances
• Currently up to 400GHz
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TWISTED PAIR CABLE
• Guided copper media can be considered as a
series of inductors, resistors and capacitors L L
R R
• If we break up the cable into sections of length
1m V1 V2 Z Vout
Vin C C
• Assume each section has the same transfer
𝑉1
• 𝑉1 = 𝑘
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉2
• =𝑘
𝑉1
• If the total length of the cable is d
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• = 𝑘𝑑
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
• (𝑑𝐵) = 20log(𝑘 𝑑 )=d 20 log(k) = -αd
𝑉𝑖𝑛 25
ATTENUATION OF COPPER CABLES

unshielded

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SKIN EFFECT

• In copper conductors higher frequencies travel closer to outer edge of the cable
• This is know as skin effect
• Will incur high loss and cause cross talk

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IMPAIRMENTS IN COPPER CABLES

• Attenuation • Cross talk

• Proportional to the distance • If multiple wires carry different data
• Can be improved by using • Some information may couple into
• Extra conductors the other
• Having larger core • Increases with higher twist
• Using a small twist
• Bandpass nature
• Low frequencies will also get attenuated
• Method for moving the lower frequencies
to higher frequency and back is needed
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 INTRODUCTION TO FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION
• This is the principle of transfering energy (or Information) between two points
• Using total internal reflection of light
• Fibre optic cable consists main of two concentric cylinders of glass
• Core: inner most part where the light is carried
• Cladding: outer part which aides total internal reflection
• nco > ncl
120µm
01010011100101
01010011100101
ncl
LED or PIN Diode or
nco
LASER APD

20-100m
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FIBRE TYPES
• Step Index fibre • Graded Index fibre
• Used for long distance transmission • Used for short distance transmission
(>100m) (<100m)
• Requires expensive narrow linewidth • Used with cheap transmitters
lasers

nco nco
ncl ncl ncl ncl

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TRANSMITTER DEVICES
• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• Low cost and readily available
• Broad linewidth
• LASERs
• Expensive and requires complex control
circuitry
• Produces a very narrow linewidth

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PROPERTIES OF LIGHT - LINEWIDTH

• Light we see consist of several wavelengths

• Sunlight consist of wavelengths in range of
• These can be visible through a prism
• Similarly LED produce light with a finite wavelength
• Consists of a main wavelength and some several side
wavelengths
• These wavelengths are know as modes
• Fibre acts similar to a prism and wavelengths travel faster and
other slower
• LASERs produce much narrower linewidths
• Only a few modes or subwavelengths
• Several types of lasers
• Fabre-Perot – wider linewidth
• DFB – Medium linewidth
• Cavity lasers – Very narrow linewidth
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TRANSMISSION MODES

• Single Mode Fibre • Multimode fibre

• Only a single wavelength (or a mode) is
supported
• Used for long distance transmission
• Requires transmitters and receivers capable of
handling a narrow linewidth signal
• Same data is carried over a several
wavelengths (or modes)
• Used for short distance transmission
• Uses low cost broadband transmitters and
receivers

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FIBRE INDUCED IMPAIRMENTS & SOLUTIONS
• Attenuation or fibre loss
• Erbium Amplifiers
• Dispersion
• Chromatic or mode dispersion
• Material dispersion
• Dispersion reduced or adjusted fibre
• Dispersion compensation
• Polarisation mode dispersion (PMD)
• Reducing PMD
• WDM transmission
• Nonlinear effects
• Self phase modulation (SPM)
• Cross phase modulation (XPM)
• Four wave mixing (FWM)
• Stimulated scattering (SBS & SRS)
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FIBRE ATTENUATION
• Light travelling through fibre looses its
energy due to
• Absorption
• Rayliegh Scattering
• Fibre loss is lowest around 1.55m (0.2dB/km)

Si Si

Si Si

Si Si

Si Si

Si Si

Si Si

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DISPERSION
• No matter how much we try every source
will produce a several modes
• Will never get a signal with just 1 frequency (like
an impulse)
• When light pulses travels some frequencies
will travel slower than the others
• Over a long distance two pulses will mix with
each other
• Narrow pulses gets
dispersed quicker
• Dispersion will limit max
distance and data rate
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ANY QUESTIONS?

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