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Cloud Computing

Syllabus

Unit I : Introduction to Virtualization and Technologies


Unit II : Fundamental Cloud Computing and Models
Unit III : Cloud Computing Mechanisms and Architecture
Unit IV : Cloud Security and Disaster Recovery
Unit V : Case Studies: Salaesforce, Facebook,
GoogleAppEngine, MS-Azure, IBM Bluemix,
Amazon EC2, S3 and Netflix

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UNIT – I
 Introduction to Virtualization: Virtualization refers to the act of creating
a virtual version of something, including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware
platform, operating system, storage device, or computer network resources is called
virtualization.
 The term "virtualization" traces its roots to 1960s mainframes, during which it was a
method of logically dividing the mainframes' resources for different applications.
 Virtualization is a framework or methodology of logically dividing computer resources
such as Hardware, Software, Time-sharing, and others into separate virtual machines
executing instructions independent from the operating system.
 Ex: The popular Virtualization Technologies are VMware, Hyper-V , Xen, Virtual Iron
etc.
 It consists of
1. Definition and Objectives of Virtualization
2. Characteristics and Benefits of Virtualization
3. Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques
4. Pros and Cons of Virtualized Technology
5. VMware Virtualization Technology
6. Hyper-V Virtualization Technology
7. Ubuntu Virtualization Technology
8. XEN Virtualization Technology 2
1. Definition and Objectives of Virtualization: Virtualization refers to the act of
creating a virtual version of something, including but not limited to a
virtual computer hardware platform, operating system, storage device,
or computer network resources is called virtualization.
 Virtualization basically allows a single computer to take on the role of multiple
computers. The emulation of one/more workstations/servers within a single
physical computer.
Virtual

Applications Applications Applications


Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS
(Windows NT) (Windows 2000) (Windows 2003)
Virtual Machine Virtual Machine Virtual Machine
Physical

Virtual Machine Manager

Host Operating System

System Hardware

Fig: Virtual Machine Overview


 Virtualization is a broad term that refers to the abstraction of
resources across many aspects of computing

 Virtualization can be done in many ways:


1. Memory Virtualization
2. Storage Virtualization
3. Network Virtualization
4. Presentation Virtualization
5. Application Virtualization
6. Hardware Virtualization
7. Software Virtualization
8. Server Virtualization
9. Desktop virtualization
10. Operating System Virtualization
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1. Memory Virtualization: It decouples volatile random access
memory resources from individual systems in the data center, and
then aggregates those resources into a virtualized memory pool
available to any computer in network.

2. Storage Virtualization: the amalgamation of multiple network


storage devices into what appears to be a single storage unit.
3. Network Virtualization using network resources through a logical
segmentation of a single physical network.

4. Presentation Virtualization represents a category of virtualization


technology that abstracts an application's processing from the
delivery of its graphics and I/O.
5. Application Virtualization also called application service
virtualization, is layered on top of other virtualization technologies,
such as storage virtualization.
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6. Software Virtualization: The host system needs to completely
emulate guest's platform.

7. Hardware Virtualization or platform virtualization refers to the


creation of a virtual machine that acts like a real computer with an
operating system.

8. Desktop Virtualization is software technology that separates


the desktop environment and associated application software
from the physical client device that is used to access it.

9. Server Virtualization: the partitioning a physical server into


smaller virtual servers.

10. Operating System Virtualization: a type of server virtualization


technology which works at the operating system (kernel) layer.
6
 The heart of virtualization is the “Virtual Machine” (VM), a tightly
isolated software container with an operating system and application
inside.
 There are five main objectives to Virtualization
1. Increased use of hardware resources
2. Reduced management and resource costs
3. Improved business flexibility
4. Improved security
5. Reduced downtime.
1. Increased use of Hardware Resources: With improvements in
technology, typical server hardware resources are not being used to
their full capacity, on average, only 5-15% of hardware resources are
being utilized. So resolve this problem, by allowing a physical server
to run virtualization software, a server’s resources are used much
more efficiently, this can greatly reduce both management and
operating costs.
 Example: If an organization used 5 different servers for 5 different
services, instead of having 5 physical servers, these servers could
be run on a single physical server operating as virtual servers. 7
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2. Reduced Management and Resource Costs:
Most organizations have to deal with issues such as
space, power and cooling. Using a virtualized
infrastructure possible through virtualization technology,
businesses can save large amounts of money because
they require far fewer physical machines.

3. Improved Business Flexibility: Whenever a business


needs to expand its number of workstations or servers, it
is often a lengthy and costly process. Virtual machines
can be easily setup. There are no additional hardware
costs, no need for extra physical space. Virtual machine
management software also makes it easier for
administrators to setup virtual machines and control
access to particular resources, etc. 9
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4. Improved Security: Virtual machines are not
hardware dependent. If a server fails due to a hardware
fault, the virtual machines stored on that particular server
can be migrated to another server.

5. Reduced Downtime: When a physical machine fails,


usually all of its software content becomes inaccessible.
All the content of that machine becomes unavailable and
there is often some downtime to go along with this, until
the problem is fixed, Virtual machines are separate
entities from one another.

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2. Characteristics and Benefits of Virtualization:
Virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual version of
something, including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware
platform, operating system, storage device, or computer
network resources is called virtualization.
 Virtualization is using computer resources to imitate other computer
resources or whole computers.
 Virtualization separates resources and services from the underlying
physical delivery environment.
 Characteristics are
1. Partitioning: In virtualization, many applications and operating
systems are supported in a single physical system
by partitioning the available resources.
2. Isolation: Each virtual machine is isolated from its host physical
system and other virtualized machines. Because of this isolation, if
one virtual-instance crashes, it doesn’t affect the other virtual
machines. In addition, data isn’t shared between one virtual
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container and another.
3. Encapsulation: A virtual machine can be represented as a single
file, so you can identify it easily based on the service it provides. In
essence, the encapsulated process could be a business service. This
encapsulated virtual machine can be presented to an application as
a complete entity. Encapsulation can protect each application so
that it doesn’t interfere with another application.

4. Performance: The action or process of performing a virtual task or


virtual function.
5. Scalability: Able to be changed in size or scale.
6. Availability: It is used to describe the amount of time over a one-
year period that the system resources is available in the wake of
component failures in the system.
7. Manageability: Capable of being managed or controlled of all
resources available .
8. Security: It is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm

13
 Benefits of Virtualization: Virtualization refers to the act of
creating a virtual version of something, including but not limited to
a virtual computer hardware platform, operating system, storage
device, or computer network resources is called virtualization.
 Virtualized Technology offers many benefits to organizations
looking to migrate from a physical environment to a virtual setting.
 Benefits of Virtualization are
1. Easier Manageability
2. Elimination of Compatibility Issues
3. Fault Isolation
4. Increased Security
5. Efficient use of Resources
6. Portability
7. Problem-Free Testing
8. Rapid Deployment
9. Reduced Costs
10.The Ability to Separate Applications
11.Improved Uptime
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1. Easier Manageability – Administrators can monitor and manage
entire groups of servers/workstations from a single physical
machine.

2. Elimination of Compatibility Issues – Many different operating


systems and applications can run on a single physical machine,
without affecting one another.

3. Fault Isolation – Any kind of error within a virtual machine will


not affect any other virtual machine.

4. Increased Security – Administrators can separate information and


applications on a single physical machine into different virtual
machines. (Entities). Isolation and back up through a checkpoint
feature.

 E.g.: VMware’s Hypervisor consumes 144 MB than 10GB Disk.


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5. Efficient use of Resources – Many virtual machines can run on a
single physical machine, utilizing that physical machine’s
resources much more efficiently than if it was just running a single
service or application.

6. Portability – Virtual machine data is stored in files on a physical


machine, this means that virtual machines can be transferred
effortlessly from one physical machine to another, without any
changes to functionality.

7. Problem-Free Testing – One or more virtual machines can be set


up as test machines. These can then be used to test the stability of
certain applications or programs, without affecting the
functionality of day to day business operations.

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8. Rapid Deployment – The Hard Drive of a virtual machine is a
single file on a physical machine, which can be duplicated to other
physical machines. By using one virtual machine as a ‘template’
machine, its virtual Hard Drive file can be used to rapidly create
new virtual machine clones.

9. Reduced Costs – Less physical hardware, less power and cooling


requirements, less physical space and less staffing requirements.

10. The Ability to Separate Applications – Services and applications


that may conflict with one another can be installed and run on
separate virtual machines.

11. Improved Uptime – Virtualization makes administering and


managing an IT environment much easier, less physical machines
mean that administrators have less hardware faults or issues to
deal with.
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3. Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques:
Virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual version of
something, including but not limited to a virtual computer
hardware platform, operating system, storage device, or computer
network resources is called virtualization.

 Virtualization is mainly used to emulate execution environment,


storage and networks.

 Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques: Virtualization is mainly


used to emulate execution environment , storage and networks.

 Execution Environment classified into two


i. Process-level: Implemented on top of an existing operating
system.
ii. System-level: Implemented directly on hardware and do not or
minimum requirement of existing operating system.
18
Fig: Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques 19
 Virtualization Technology provides encapsulation that prevents
workloads from accessing resources that are not assigned to it
which allows a virtualized system to support multiple independent
workloads simultaneously.

 Virtualization Technology includes Server, Storage, Network,


Desktop, Application and Hardware Virtualization.

 VMware and Microsoft Hyper-V have a strong footing in


Virtualized Technology.

 Virtualized Environments: Three major components of Virtualized


Environments.

i. Guest: System component that interacts with Virtualization Layer.


ii. Host: Original environment where guest runs.
iii. Virtualization Layer: Recreate the same or different environment
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where guest will run.
 Popular Virtualization Technologies
1. VMware
2. Microsoft Hyper-V
3. Virtual Iron
4. Xen
 Characteristics:
1. Performance
2. Scalability
3. Availability
4. Manageability
5. Security
 Advantages
1. Server Consolidation
2. Reduced power and cooling
3. Reduced maintenance cost
4. Reduced server cost
5. Green computing
6. Ease of deployment and administration
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7. High availability and disaster recovery.
APPLICATIONS

 Cloud Computing
 Grid Computing
 Cluster Computing
 Green Computing
 Distributed Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Nano Computing
 Mobile Computing
 Memory
 Networks
 Storage
 Hardware
 Operating systems 22
4. Pros and Cons of Virtualized Technology: Virtualization refers to
the act of creating a virtual version of something, including but not
limited to a virtual computer hardware platform, operating
system, storage device, or computer network resources is called
virtualization.

 Virtualization has been the focus of much data center and


enterprise technology.
 Virtualization helps them stay on budget by eliminating the need to
invest in tons of hardware.

 Virtualization also helps businesses with limited IT staff by


automating routine IT tasks and centralizing resource management.
 Storage virtualization technologies can be delivered a number of
ways: via host, appliance or network.

 Virtualization applications reduce hardware costs and ease


application deployment. 23
 Pros of Virtualization:
 Reduced Costs: One of the biggest advantages associated with using
virtualization in your IT infrastructure is the ability to cut Costs.
 Energy Efficiency: Virtualization is seen as revolutionary for a number of
different reasons and the most impact may be the energy savings.
 Lower overall capital expenditures: Virtualization means that you don’t need to
purchase a server for every single application that you want to implement in your
organization.
 Automated tasks: Virtualization lets you automate a number of significant
routine IT tasks.
 Greater redundancy: Virtualization should improve your uptime.
 Faster deployment: In an virtualized environment, provisioning becomes quick
and simple.
 Capital expenditure savings.
 Operational expenditure savings.
 Data-center and energy-efficiency savings.
 Resource sharing and allocation
 Virtual machine portability
 Load balancing
 Easier backup and restore
 Simplified disaster recovery
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 Cons of Virtualization:
 High upfront expenditures: When you’re implementing a
virtualization strategy from the ground up, chances are you’re going to
have to sink more money into hardware in the immediate future.
 Not all applications are ready for virtualization: There are still
vendors not fully supporting virtualized environments.
 The danger of server sprawl: Because servers are so easy to deploy
in a virtualized environment, there’s always the danger that new
servers will be added even when they’re not needed.
 Instant Access to Data: Since data is essential to your business it is
essential that you only choose virtualization options that offer
adequate data protection.
 Performance degradation
 Inefficiency and degraded user experience
 Security holes and new threats.
 Estimate resource in advance
 Required new skills
 Complex root cause analysis
 Virtual habits 25
Pros and Cons of Virtualization Technologies
Pros Cons
1. Hardware independent 1. H/W compatibility issues
2. OS independent 2. Unstable performance
3. Fast recovery 3. Rapid deployment
4. Migrate data 4. Less efficient
5. Reduced Hardware 5. Tools lack ability
6. Cost savings 6. Latency of virtual disk
7. System security 7. Security issues
8. Use of Multicore processors 8. Backup and data sets
9. Run Multiple OS 9. Managing and securing is
simultaneously difficult

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5) VMware
 VMware refers to the act of creating a virtual version of something,
including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware
platform, operating system, storage device, or computer
network resources is called virtualization.
 VMware is a company and it provides virtual machine software.
 VMware is the first most widely known Virtualization Technology
i.e. Pioneer in the Market.

 VMware runs multiple operating systems on a single computer.


 VMware Virtualization helps you reduce capital expenses through
server consolidation and reduce operating expenses through
automation, and provides minimized downtime.
 VMware is an excellent testing and development platform.
 VMware offers a number of Virtualization programs.
 Today VMware virtualization is used by more than 5,00,000
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customers.
 This VMware consists of
1. Company Name and History
2. CEO
3. Introduction
4. VMware Architecture
5. Services
6. Features
7. Advantages
8. Applications
9. Pictures/videos
10. Software (Trial version)
11. References( URL’s)
12. Case Studies / Whitepapers

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1. Company Name

 The Company name is VMware.com

 The major service is Virtualization software is SaaS.

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 HISTORY: VMware found by Daine Greene, Mendel
Rosenblum, Scott Devine, Edward Wang, Edourad
Bugnion in 1998 at Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
 The first product VMware Workstation was delivered in
May 1999.
 The CEO of VMware is Patrick P.Gelsigner.

 Popular virtualization Technology products


1. VMware
2. Microsoft Hyper-V
3. Virtual Iron
4. Xen
5. Ubuntu
2. CEO
The CEO of VMware is Patrick P.Gelsigner.

Patrick P. Gelsinger is the Chief Executive Officer of VMware as


of September 2012. 31
3. INTRODUCTION

 VMware is a virtualization software.

 VMware Server runs on top of an existing host operating system


(either Linux or Windows).

 VMware server also support 64-bit host and guest operating


system.

 VMware ESXi is based on the hypervisor architecture.

 VMware ESXi runs directly on the hardware without the need of


any host operating system, which makes is extremely effective in
terms of performance.
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 The Objective of VMware is Reduce data center costs, Bring new applications
online quickly and Centralize Storage.
 The Most Popular Virtualization Applications:
(i) Desktop Editions (VMware - Workstation, Fusion, Player)
(ii) Server Editions (VMware - ESX Server, ESXi, Server)

i) Desktop Editions:
a) VMware Workstation: (1999)
 One of the longest running modern-day virtualization applications.
 Latest version 11.0.
 Create multiple x86-based virtual machines on a single physical machine.
 Guest OS such as Windows, Linux and MAC OS X can then be installed on
to these virtual machines.
b) VMware Fusion:
 Designed for users of the Mac Intel hardware platform.
 Fully compatible with all VMs created by other VMware applications.
c) VMware Player: A freeware application
 Offered to users who do not have a license to run VMware
Workstation/Fusion.
 Cannot create virtual machines, however it can run them.
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ii. Server Editions
a) VMware ESX Server: (version 5.5)
 An enterprise level virtualization product that is offered by
VMware.
 lower system overheads and interacts with its hardware directly.

b) VMware ESXi:
 Less memory, due to Service Console is replaced with a simpler
Interface.
 Available to download for free.

c) VMware Server:
 VMware's free server virtualization application
 An application to be installed onto a host OS that is either
Window/Linux based.
 Create multiple VMs which can have a number of different guest
OSs installed. 34
4. VMware Architecture
VMware ESXi is the next-generation hypervisor, providing a new foundation for
virtual infrastructure, this innovative architecture operates independently from any
general purpose operating system, offering improved security, increased reliability,
and simplified management. VMware Architecture describes the architecture and
operation of VMware ESXi and discusses the new management model associated
with it.
5. SERVICES
 Virtualization Service
 Telecom Services
 Cloud Advisory Services
 Cloud Transformation Services
 Health Check for CRM
 Brokerage and Banking
 Financial Services
 Education Services
 Mailing Solutions
 Manufacturing Services
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6. FEATURES
 Performance

 Scalability

 Availability

 Manageability

 Security

 Intelligent CPU virtualization

 Memory compression, over commitment and deduplication.

 Highly compatible with various servers hardware, storage and OS.

 Easy management using vsphere client, vCenter server and


command line interface. 37
7. ADVANTAGES
 Server Consolidation

 Reduced power and cooling

 Reduced maintenance cost

 Reduced server cost

 Green computing

 Ease of deployment and administration

 High availability and disaster recovery.

38
8. APPLICATIONS
 Cloud Computing
 Grid Computing
 Cluster Computing
 Green Computing
 Distributed Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Nano Computing
 Mobile Computing
 Memory
 Networks
 Storage
 Hardware
 Operating systems 39
9. PICTURES / VIDEOS

https://www.vmware.com/watch
www.vmware.com/
www.vmwarefoundation.org/
www.forbes.com/companies/vmware/ 40
10. SOFTWARE (TRIAL VERSION)
 VMware Software Manager is a free product that dramatically
simplifies the download of VMware suites and products.

www.vmware.com/
 VMware Server Software's: VMware Cloud
Management Software are VMware vCloud and VMware
Go.

 There are two types of Server Software’s


1.VMware vSphere.
2.VMware Server.

1) VMware vSphere is also called as “ESXi”, Delivers


greater performance. VMware vSphere integrates with
VMware vCenter that offers extra services like Vmotion,
DRS (Distributed Resource Scheduler) and HA (High
Availability).
2) VMware Server formerly called as “GSX Server” and
Compared lower performance than VMware vSphere.
11. REFERENCES( URL’s)

VMware helps you get up and running


fast, minimize risk, and delivers the business
outcome you expect from your
VMware investments.

www.vmware.com
http://login.vmware.com
http://developer.vmware.com/
https://ap1.vmware.com/
https://ap1.vmware.com/help/doc/en/sf.pdf
43
12. CASE STUDIES / PAPERS

1. Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study
2. Real-World Education for Modern Marketers:
http://www.marketingprofs.com/marketing/library/casestudies/
3. Business Case study:
http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/case-studies/by-company/#axzz4K1xKX0x9
4. Queen’s University Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Deploys VMware Virtual SAN
5. NTT Data North America uses VMware Technologies to Optimize
Infrastructure and Deliver a Private Cloud.
6. iGov Technologies chooses VMware Virtual SAN storage to make
its tactical computing solution faster.
44
6) Hyper-V
Hyper-V is a product of Microsoft Company and competitor of
VMware in the field of Virtualization.
Hyper-V formerly known as Windows Server Virtualization, is a
native hypervisor, it can create virtual machines on x86-64 systems.
Hyper-V role enables you to create and manage a virtualized
computing environment by using virtualization technology that is
built in to Windows Server.
Hyper-V alone have brought to computing an entire revolution of
new benefits, including hardware-resource savings, a need for less
space, energy cost savings, and much more.
A core component of Hyper-V, Windows hypervisor is a thin layer of
software between the hardware and the OS that allows multiple
operating systems to run, unmodified, on a host computer at the
same time.
Hyper-V provides simple partitioning functionality and is
responsible for maintaining strong isolation between partitions. 45
 Hyper-V provides customers an ideal platform for key virtualization
scenarios, such as production server consolidation, business
continuity management, software test and development, and
development of a dynamic datacenter.
 Hyper VM is a Linux-based virtualization management program
and support a number of different virtualization technologies across
a number of different platforms and machines.

 Parent partition creates child partitions through the Hyper call API.
 Parent partition has direct access to hardware.
 VSP(Virtual service provider) : It provides the device support.
 VMbus : Its logical inter process communication essentially used
for communication between partitions.
 Work process: Provides virtual m/c management services windows
R2 instances of parent partition to guest OS in child partitions.
46
 This Hyper-V consists of
1. Company Name and History
2. CEO
3. Introduction
4. VMware Architecture
5. Services
6. Features
7. Advantages
8. Applications
9. Pictures/videos
10. Software (Trial version)
11. References( URL’s)
12. Case Studies / Whitepapers

47
1. Company Name
 The Company name is Microsoft

 HISTORY: Satya Narayana Nadella is an Indian-born


American business executive. He is the current chief
executive officer of Microsoft. He was appointed as CEO
on 4 February 2014, succeeding Steve Ballmer.
 The major service is Virtualization software is SaaS.

48
2. CEO
The CEO of Hyper-V is Satya Narayana Nadella.

Satya Narayana Nadella is an Indian-born American business


executive. He is the current chief executive officer of Microsoft. He
was appointed as CEO on 4 February 2014, succeeding Steve
49
Ballmer.
3. INTRODUCTION
 Microsoft Hyper-V, codenamed Viridian and formerly known
as Windows Server Virtualization, is a native hypervisor;

 A server computer running Hyper-V can be configured to expose


individual virtual machines to one or more networks.

 Hyper-V was first released alongside Windows Server 2008, and


has been available without charge for all the Windows Server and
some client operating systems since.

 Popular virtualization Technology products


1. VMware
2. Microsoft Hyper-V
3. Virtual Iron
4. Xen
5. Ubuntu 50
4. Hyper-V Architecture
Hyper-V Architecture. Hyper-V is a hypervisor-based virtualization
technology for x64 versions of Windows Server 2008. The hypervisor
is the processor-specific virtualization platform that allows multiple
isolated operating systems to share a single hardware platform
5. SERVICES
 Virtualization Service
 Network Management,
 Network Monitoring,
 Server Monitoring,
 Bandwidth Analysis
 Brokerage and Banking
 Financial Services
 Education Services
 Mailing Solutions
 Manufacturing Services
52
6. FEATURES
 Performance
 Scalability
 Availability
 Manageability
 Security
 Virtual machine generation
 Integration services
 Export
 Clustering and Hyper-V 53
7. ADVANTAGES

 Server Consolidation

 Reduced power and cooling

 Reduced maintenance cost

 Reduced server cost

 Green computing

 Ease of deployment and administration

 High availability and disaster recovery.


54
8. APPLICATIONS
 Cloud Computing
 Grid Computing
 Green Computing
 Distributed Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Nano Computing
 Mobile Computing
 Memory
 Networks
 Storage
 Hardware
 Operating systems
55
9. PICTURES / VIDEOS

https://www.hyper-v.com/watch
www.hyper-v.com/
www.hyper-vfoundation.org/
www.forbes.com/companies/hyper-v/ 56
10. SOFTWARE (TRIAL VERSION)
 Hyper-V implements isolation of virtual machines in terms of a partition. A partition is a
logical unit of isolation, supported by the hypervisor, in which each guest operating
system executes. A hypervisor instance has to have at least one parent partition, running a
supported version of Windows Server.

www.Hyper-V.com/
11. REFERENCES( URL’s)

Built on Hyper-V, included in Windows Server,


Microsoft virtualization solutions help reduce
costs by consolidating more workloads on fewer
servers.

www.hyper-v.com
http://login.hyper-v.com
http://developer.hyper-v.com/
https://ap1.hyper-v.com/
https://ap1.hyper-v.com/help/doc/en/sf.pdf
58
12. CASE STUDIES / PAPERS

1. Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_study

2. Real-World Education for Modern Marketers:


http://www.marketingprofs.com/marketing/library/casestudies/

3. Business Case study:


http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/case-studies/by-company/#axzz4K1xKX0x9

59
7. XEN Virtualization Technology
 Xen is an open source Virtual Machine Monitor for x86compatible
computers, Roger Roberts was appointed the CEO of Citrix in 1990.
 Latest version is Xen 4.4.

 Xen is a hypervisor using a microkernel design, providing services


that allow multiple computer operating systems to execute on the
same computer hardware concurrently.
 Xen Server is the leading open source virtualization platform,
powered by the Xen hypervisor.

 Features:
 Small foot print and interface
 Operating system agnostic
 Driver isolation
 Para virtualization
Fig: Xen Architecture. 61
 Types of XEN Virtualization:

1. Para Virtualization - Modified Guests: Xen supports a


form of virtualization known as Para Virtualization, in
which guests run a modified operating system. The
guests are modified to use a special hypercall ABI,
instead of certain architectural features.

2. Hardware-assisted Virtualization - Unmodified Guests:


CPUs that support Virtualization make it possible to
support unmodified guests, including proprietary
operating systems (Microsoft Windows), this is known
as hardware-assisted virtualization. Xen is known as
Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM).
Advantages:
Components are interchangeable
Strong isolation between components
Ex: Amazon, Go Grid and Rackspace uses this Xen to
ensure scalability and Reliability.
If you are running Linux, BSD, Solaris Os, Xen
virtualization is best.

Disadvantages:
Contains less features when compared to VMware.
Live migrations are not possible using management
console.
Poor support from open source community.

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 Popular virtualization Technology products
 VMware
 Microsoft Hyper-V
 Virtual Iron
 Xen
 Ubuntu

 Characteristics:
 Performance
 Scalability
 Availability
 Manageability
 Security 64
Advantages
 Server Consolidation

 Reduced power and cooling

 Reduced maintenance cost

 Reduced server cost

 Green computing

 Ease of deployment and administration

 High availability and disaster recovery.

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APPLICATIONS
 Cloud Computing
 Grid Computing
 Cluster Computing
 Green Computing
 Distributed Computing
 On-Demand Computing
 Nano Computing
 Mobile Computing
 Memory
 Networks
 Storage
 Hardware
 Operating systems 66
QUIZ - I
1. Which company is started the concept of Virtualization was first devised in the
1960s.
Ans) IBM
2. List the two popular Virtualization Technologies?
Ans) VMware, Hyper-V
3. Define Virtualization?
Ans) Virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version
of something, including but not limited to a virtual computer hardware
platform, operating system (OS), storage device, or computer network resources
is called virtualization.
4. What are the Benefits of Virtualization?
Ans) Easier Manageability, Elimination of Compatibility Issues, Fault Isolation and
Increased Security
5. Define Hypervisor?
Ans) A hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a piece of computer
software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.
6. Extend or Expand VMM?
Ans) Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
7. Example of Database Virtualization?
Ans) Google Drive etc.
8. List two different type of hypervisors?
Ans) Native or Bare metal, Hosted hypervisors
9. Virtualization technology used in cloud computing to achieve?
Ans) Scalability
10. Operating system running on VM is called?
Ans) Guest OS
11. OS that supports the running of vms and guest os on a physical system is
called?
Ans) Host OS
12. The partitioning a physical server into smaller virtual servers is?
Ans) Server virtualization
13. Major advantage of Virtualization Technology?
Ans) More Efficient Usage of processing power and hardware resources.
14) Objectives of Virtualization?
Ans) Increased use of hardware resources, Reduced management and resource
cost, Improved business flexibility, Improved security , Reduced downtime.
15) People involved in Virtual Service Desk?
Ans) User groups, Support groups, Service Desk analysts.
16) Examples of Hypervisors?
Ans) VMware ESX, Microsoft Hyper-v etc
17) Extend or expand SNIA?
Ans) Storage Network Industry Association
18) List out different types of Storage Virtualization?
Ans) Disk, Tape (media and drive), File system, File, and Block.
19) List out Related forms of Computing?
Ans) Cloud computing, Grid computing, Utility computing, SaaS,
SOA etc.
20) Service Management Processes under virtualization?
Ans) Demand Management , Capacity Management, Financial
Management, Availability Management, Information Security
Management, IT Service Continuity Management etc.
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