PERIODIZATION

What does
periodization mean?

What is its root word?

1
 DEFINITION
OF PERIODIZATION
Periodization is a system
of organizing historical information
by dividing time into periods
using specific bases.

2
 TIME

Time is an essential element in

the study of history.

Why?

3
 APPLICATION
to Philippine History

How is the history of the

Philippines commonly
divided into periods?
 BASES OF PERIODIZATION:

1. according to the beginning of writing

a. Prehistoric Period
b. Historic Period

4
2. according to geologic time

ERA

PERIOD

EPOCH

5
The Origin of Species 1859
 ERA PERIOD EPOCH
Precambrian Archeozoic
8 b – 600 mya Proterozoic
Paleozoic Cambrian
600 – 225 mya Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferrous
Permian
Mesozoic Triassic
225 – 65 mya Jurassic
Cretaceous

6
 ERA PERIOD EPOCH
Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene
65 mya – 10,000 ya Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene

Quartenary Pleistocene
Holocene

5
 MESOZOIC PERIOD 225-65 mya

Continents and Plates

220 mya – Pangaea & Panthalassa

200 mya – Gondwanaland & Laurasia
135 mya - Land masses began to divide.
120 mya – Divisions became the
different continents.
 The scene of history is continuously moving land masses.
Notice in the left column the names of distinct land
masses that no longer exist.
The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon. 

India

550 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago

220 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago

Laurasia

Gondwanaland

190 Million Years Ago Today

 PHILIPPINE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
(Readers Digest Encyclopedia)

135- 25 mya Cretaceous - Paleocene

- appearance of the early forms of life in the
Philippines (marsupials, insectivores,
flesh-eating carnivorous marine organisms)
- fossils and rocks (Ilocos Norte, Quezon,
Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Palawan,
Samar and Mindoro)
 Land Formation in the
Philippines

 According to Jocano: It was

during the Tertiary period
(specifically during the Eocene
and Oligocene period) that the
basic land structure of the
Philippines was defined
25 -2 mya The Neogene

- mountain building process

(Balabac Island in the Palawan Archipelago,
Cagayan, and Central Luzon)

- geologic transformation of the country

Cenozoic Era
Late Tertiary Period
Eocene, Oligocene & Miocene Epochs (33 – 5 mya)

During this period, about half of the lands

of the Philippines was submerged
and sedimentation brought about
Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Agusan and
Davao Valley.
3. According to Tool Technology

a. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)

b. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) – (Europocentric term)

c. Neolithic ( New Stone Age)

d. Age of Pottery
e. Metal Age
7
 PHILIPPINE CULTURAL BREAKTHROUGH
250,000 before the present - 200 A.D.

“ Man responded to the challenges of mother

nature; the teeming life forms constantly
challenged his curiosity and creativity and the
awe-inspiring mysteries of the archipelago that
surrounded him marked the development of his
cultural world.”

Samuel Tan
 CULTURE
 Root word: Colere (to cultivate)

 Patterns of human acts & symbolic structures

that give such activities significance and
importance

 Manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, food,

painting, sculpture, theatre and film
 CULTURE

Culture is anything
that man learns or acquires
by experience
as he goes through
the process of development.
Philippine : Paleolithic Age
30,500 Before the Present (BP)

Lifestyle: Primitive communalism

Means of Acquiring Food:

* Hunting
* Gathering
 Tabon Caves in Palawan
 [named after the Tabon bird, which laid eggs in the caves]

 * Tabon Man = earliest appearance of man in the Philippines

 (22-23 thousand years old)
 * Discovered by a National Museum team headed by the late
 Dr. Robert B. Fox (American anthropologist)
 * evidence = human fossils of perhaps 3 individuals
+ skull cap of a young female (?)
+ 2 fragments of jaw bones
+ some teeth
Tabon Man’s skull
(on display at the Palawan Museum, Puerto Princesa)
Tabon Caves

Deepest soil deposit = 50,000 years old

Youngest soil deposit = 10,000 years old

This shows that the caves were used

continuously for 40,000 years by peoples
who used the same kind of tools.

.
Tabon Cave tools
 The way the tools were made was exactly the
same as those found in the Cagayan Valley, at
least 700,000 years earlier.

 But one difference was that the tools in the

Tabon Cave were smaller, perhaps because
their prey were bats and birds found in the
cave.

 National Commission for Culture and the Arts

Tabon Man’s use of fire

 Earliest evidence for the use of fire

in the Philippines = 30,000 years B.C.

 (from carbon sample, based on carbon-14 date)

 Philippines: Neolithic Age
6000- 500 BP

New Means of Acquiring Food:

* Planting/Agriculture (Food Production)

* Domestication of Animals

The above were economic breakthroughs which

eventually led to

Social Stratification
 Philippines: Pottery Age
1500 BP

 Manunggul Caves in Palawan

 Manunggul jars
 Pottery rituals
 (Arku Cave and Lana site from
Otley Beyer)
 Manunggul jar found in the a Manunggul Cave of Palawan.
Arku Cave in Cagayan Valley
Arku Cave of Peñablanca in Cagayan Valley, is a prehistoric cave located at
the foothills of Sierra Madre. Found in the site were human fossils together
with pottery, spindle whorls, jade earrings, bark cloth beater, bone tools and
others which dated from 2200 B.C.E. to 50 B.C.E. A widespread practice
showing a belief in afterlife, the early Filipinos put valuable things in the
burial so that their deceased relatives could utilize the tools in their next
existence.
Philippines: Metal Age
800-250 BP

Isabela - Chisels and adze

Ifugao –Trapezoidal adze

Bataan & Pampanga – Basconian adze

 Maitum Anthropomorphic Potteries The anthropomorphic secondary burial jars from
Pinol, Maitum, Saranggani Province in Mindanao date back to the Metal Age. The site
had been dated to 830 +/-60 B.P. (calibrated date of A.D. 70 to 370) and 1920 +/- 50
B.P. (cal. date of 5 B.C. to A.D. 225). The radiocarbon dates were obtained from the
soot samples taken from the small earthenware vessel found inside one of the
anthropomorphic burial jar. These burial jars are made of earthenware designed and
formed like human figures with complete facial characteristics. These were
associated with metal implements; glass beads and bracelets; shell spoon, scoop,
bracelets and pendants; earthenware potteries with incised designs and cut-out foot-
rings; non-anthropomorphic burial jars.
 Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to animal or non-
living things, phenomena, etc.
4. According to the Christian Calendar

* BC - Before Christ

* AD – Anno Domini
(In the year of our Lord)
BCE: Before Common Era
CE : Common Era
 B.C.E is an abbreviation for 'Before Common Era‘
It is a non-religious alternative to the use of
B.C. (Before Christ) in designating the first period of the
Gregorian Calendar, the era of prehistory and much of
antiquity.

 C.E. - a replacement for A.D. (Anno Domini, The Year Of

Our Lord )
This replaces B.C., Before Christ.
5. According to the rise and fall of civilizations

a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern Age
d. Post Modern
 Summary: Geologic Time
Precambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Duration 2.5 bya -600mya 600 mya – 225 mya – 65 mya – 10,000
225 mya 65 mya ya

Divisions Archeozoic Cambrian Triassic Tertiary

Proterozoic Ordovician Jurassic Paleocene
Silurian Cretaceous Eocene
Devonian Oligocene
Miocene
Carboniferous
Pliocene
Permian
Quarternary
Pleistocene
Holocene

Land Forms Fragmented Pangaea Laurasia 7 continents

land masses Panthalassa North America
Eurasia
Gondwanaland
South America
Africa
India

Life Forms Single celled Invertebrates, Reptiles Humans

Vertebrates Dinosaurs
Fishes, plants,
amphibians

Philippines Formation of the 500, 000 Cagayan

Philippines 22,000 Tabon
7,000 Austronesians
 Summary: Tool Technology
Cenozoic Biological Cultural Evaluation
Evaluation (Tools)
Tertiary Paleocene Primates
Eocene Dryopithecus
Oligocene Oreopithecus
Miocene Ramapethicus
Pliocene

Quarternary Pleistocene Australopithecus

Holocene Homo habilis Paleolithic
Homo erectus Mesolithic
Homo sapiens (Europocentric term)
Homo sapiens sapiens
(Tabon man)

Neolithic
(agricultural)
 Concepts

* Decade - a period of 10 years ( e.g., 2001-2010)

* Century - a period of 100 years (2001-2100)

e.g. - According to the Gregorian Calendar:

1st century = January 1, 1 - December 31, 100 AD
2nd century = 101 – 200 AD
3rd century = 201 – 300 AD

* Millennium - a period of 1000 years (2001-3000)

 Ancient Philippines: (Jared Diamond)
Society: Nation Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State /
Building 250,000 - 250,000- 10,000 – 500 500 BC- Nation
10,000 BC 10,000 BC BC 900
AD/1400

No. of People 4-6 12 100 1,000 50,000

Settlement nomadic nomadic fixed Fixed Fixed
Few villages Many villages

Politics &
Government
1. Decision Egalitarian Egalitarian Egalitarian Centralized Centralized
Making Hereditary President
2. Leader Father big man big man chieftain

3. Laws Informal Informal Customary Oral/written Constitution

4. Judicial System of SRP SRP Public Trials Judiciary

Process rewards & Ex. Bultong /
punishments Adlaw
 Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond and Samuel K Tan)
Society: Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State
Nation 250,000 - 250,000- 10,000 – 500 500 BC- 900
Building 10,000 BC 10,000 BC BC AD/1400
Economy Collecting Collecting Communal Communal - Market
Economy Economy Economy individual economy
1. Food
Production No No No-Yes Yes Yes
Hunting Intensive
Food gathering Extensive

Informal Well defined

2.Division Informal Informal More
of Labor Structured
(Palanne Article:
Tanjay
Excavations)

Reciprocal Redistributive Redistributive

3.Exchanges Reciprocal Reciprocal
No No-Yes Yes
4 Land Holding No No
 Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State
Ancient Philippines
Economy
5.Economic Hunting &
Hunting &
:(Jared Diamond)
Hunting & Farming
Activities food food Land Fishing
gathering gathering cultivation Trading
& Weaving
domestication
of animals
Tasadays of
Cotabato

Socio- Ethnic
Cultural Formulation

1. Social No No No Yes Well defined

Classes Noble
Free Man
Slave
Manunggul jars Belief in
2. Religion Lallo in Cagayan soul Catholics
Sulu & Dimolit
Isabela jars
Life after Protestants
3. Burial death Muslims
Practices Use of
coffins
 Ancient Philippines:(Jared Diamond & Samuel Tan)
Socio - Family Band Tribe Chiefdom State
Cultural

4. Early Male Other

Clothing Upper: cultural
Kangan influences
Lower :
Bahag
Female
Upper: Baro
Lower: Saya

Use of
ornaments

5. Housing No No Yes Yes

Batalanes
6. System of Bahanding
writing
7. Music and
Arts
 Contacts with Other Asians
* Indians 800 BC, 2nd-5th c. AD
examples:
1. Prof. Otley Beyer presents archeological evidences
from Novaliches to support this
2. Dr. Jocano mentions the Gold Image of Agusan : Gem
Room of Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago
(See p.140, Jocano)

* Arabs 9th- 15th c AD

* Chinese 7th c AD, 10th- 15th c. AD