Classification of

Engineering Services
Reported by:
Entong, Sacredbrin C.
Lulab, Daisy Jane B.
Urquiza, Jove-ann P.
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Services provided by Civil Engineers can be
grouped into following broad categories:

 Consultation, research, investigation,

and reports.
 Design services for construction projects
 Construction services
 Special services for construction
projects
 Engineering support services
 Academic services
 Services as Employee
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2.1 CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH, INVESTIGATION
AND REPORTS
These services deal primarily with collecting, interpreting, and
reporting information, together with formulating conclusions
and making recommendations. Typical services in this category
are:
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2.1.1 Preliminary and Feasibility
Investigations and Reports

These services usually precede the authorization of a

capital project and may involve extensive investigations,
analyses of conditions, and comparison of several possible
plans. These studies may include the impact of a project
upon the cycle costs, financing considerations, and
expected revenues as bases for conclusions and
recommendations regarding the advisability of undertaking
a project.
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2.1.2 Planning Studies

These services may include the broad areas of

developing the engineering requirements of master plans for
long-range capital improvement programs; preparation of
preliminary engineering of land development plans, urban
plans, and regional plans; and environmental conditions
and preparation of environmental impact studies with
subsequent engineering planning to improve or maintain
existing conditions.
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2.1.3 Appraisals, Valuation and Rate
Studies
These services may include investigations and analyses
of existing conditions; capital and operating costs;
overhead costs and costs of financing; and revenues as
needed to evaluate a property or to recommend
establishment of prospective rates.
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2.1.4 Assistance in Financial Matters
The Civil Engineer may be engaged by a client who is
planning to issue bonds, particularly revenue bonds, to
finance a capital project. The scope of services may
include an evaluation of capabilities of existing or proposed
facilities to meet present and projected future needs,
statements of probable construction costs, and an estimate
of annual revenue requirements, with a determination of
appropriate rates to provide this income.
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2.1.5 Materials Engineering and
Equipment Tests
These services include tests of materials and equipment
under established codes and standards, specialized
examination of equipment and materials used in
construction and industry, and other inspections and
monitoring required by a client.
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2.1.6 Direct Personal Services

This includes services such as assistance in preparation

for legal proceedings. Appearances before courts or
commissions to render expert opinions and conclusions,
and investigation of technical matters where specialized
civil engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment is
required.
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2.1.7 Research and Development
Research is a specialized investigation and gathering of
data from existing resources or through laboratory works
and processes related to the purpose and object of the
research. Research and development may cover the
following:
 Development of new construction materials and
methods from concept to commercialization.
 Improvement of construction materials and methods
through exhaustive studies to reduce total construction
cost and at the same time improve quality.
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2.1.8 Special Services
These services can vary to suit special needs of the client
and can include such diverse activities as:

 Value engineering
 Appraisal and valuation
 Load testing
 Environmental evaluations
 Traffic engineering
 Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
 Operational assistance
 Materials process design
 Pilot studies
 Computer modeling
 Safety engineering
 Topographic, sounding and boundary survey
engineering
 Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
 Permit and application services
 Sales and marketing services
 Expert witness
 Representation of municipal or private entities in
project proposed for privatization
2.2 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
Civil engineering services are required for each of six
typical phases of a construction project. All services are
preferably furnished by the same Civil Engineer for
consistency and efficiency, although at times services in
various phases are furnished by different engineers or by the
client. The services are supplemented by special services
which may be provided by the client, a specialized
engineer, or another Civil Engineer.
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2.2.1 Study and Report Phase
 This phase involves determination of project scope and
economic and technical evaluation of feasible alternatives.
The services performed during this phase may include:
 Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to
clarify and define the client’s requirements for the project.
 Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or
obtaining from others additional data or services and
assisting the client in obtaining such data and services
 Identifying and analyzing requirements of governmental
authorities having jurisdiction to approve the design of the
project and participating in consultations with such
authorities.
 Providing analyses of the clients needs, planning
surveys, comparative evaluations of prospective sites
and solutions.
 Providing a general economic analysis of the client’s
requirements applicable to various alternatives.
 Preparing a report and presenting alternative
solutions available to the client with the Civil
Engineer’s findings and recommendations.
 2.2.2 Preliminary Design Phase 16

 This phase involves the establishment of the general size and

scope of the project and its location on the selected site. The
preliminary design services may include:
 Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports,
clarifying and defining project requirements, reviewing
available data, and discussing general scheduling.
 Advising the client as to whether additional data or
services of the type described under the study and report
phase above are required and assisting the client in
obtaining such data and services.
 Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of final
design criteria, preliminary drawings, outline specifications,
and written descriptions of the project.
 Preparing revised estimates of probable total project costs.
 Providing periodic status reports.
 2.2.3 Final Design Phase 17
 This phase of project development is usually undertaken only after
the client has approved the preliminary design phase material. The
basic services for the final design phase may include:
 Preparing construction drawings and specifications showing the
character and extent of the project based on the final
accepted preliminary design documents.
 Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate of
probable total project costs
based on the final drawings and specifications.
 Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in the
application for regulatory permits from local, or national
authorities. This is distinguished from and does not include
detailed applications and supporting documents for
government grants-in-aid or planning grants that would be
furnished as additional services described later this section.
 Preparing basic documents related to construction contracts
for review and approval by the client (and the client’s legal
and other advisors). These include contract agreement
forms, general conditions and supplementary conditions,
invitations to bid, instructions to bidders, insurance and
bonding requirements, and other contract-related
documents.
 Furnishing to the client specified number of copies of
drawings, specifications and other contract documents.
 Providing final design and construction services for design-
build contracts. The engineer generally serves as a
subcontractor to a general contractor during the initial
planning and design phases. Services provided by the
engineer may extended through the construction phase, as
appropriate.
 Providing periodic status reports.
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2.2.4 Bidding or Negotiating Phase
 Services under this phase may include:
 Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or
negotiating proposals for each separate prime construction
contract, maintaining a record of prospective bidders to
whom bidding documents have been issued, attending pre-
bid conferences, and receiving and processing deposits for
bidding documents.
 Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand or
amend the
bidding documents.
 Assisting the client in determining the qualifications
and acceptability of prospective contractors,
subcontractors and materials suppliers.
 Consulting with and advising the client as to the
acceptability of alternative materials and equipment
proposed by the prospective construction when
substitution prior to the award of contracts is allowed by
the bidding documents.
 Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation
sheets and providing assistance to the client in
evaluating bids or proposals and in assembling and
awarding contracts for construction, materials,
equipment and services.
2.2.5 Construction Phase 19
 Construction phase services may include:
 Reviewing, for compliance with design concepts, shop and
erection drawings submitted
by the constructors.
 Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill test reports on materials
and equipment.
 Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals
 Providing services during construction by a full-time resident
project representative, and by supporting staff as required
 Issuing instruction from the client to the contractors, issuing
necessary interpretations and clarifications of contract
documents, preparing change orders, requiring special
inspections and testing of the work, and making
recommendations as to acceptability of the work.
 Making recommendations to the client on corrective actions
or contractual measures that may be exercised by the
owner.
 Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to
actual field conditions encountered.
 Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on
degree of completion of the work, and recommending
issuance of such payments by the client.
 Observing and assisting performance tests and initial
operation of the project.
 Preparing record drawings from information submitted by the
contractor.
 Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of the
project
2.2.6 Operation Phase 20

At the completion of construction, the Civil Engineer may as

basic service, assist in the star-up of project operations. The
Civil Engineer may be commissioned to prepare a manual for
both operation and maintenance requirements, and may also
provide assistance in adjusting and balancing equipment,
identifying deficiencies and assisting in obtaining corrections,
and performing inspection prior to the end of the project
warranty period. The Civil Engineer may assist in operator
training, setting up job classifications and salaries, organizing
the purchases of supplies developing charts for recording
operational date, and observing and reporting on project
operations.
 2.3 CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
 A registered Civil Engineer may engage in construction
contracting after being licensed as a contractor by the
Contractors Accreditation Board. It is considered unethical for
a civil engineer to allow his license to be used by any other
construction company except his own.
 A registered Civil Engineer may provide the services of a
supporting technical employee as required of a construction
company. He shall however, be paid the professional fees, in
addition to his regular salary, for any design work he performs
for which he signs as professional Civil Engineer and/or
engineer on record.
 A Civil Engineer may be employed as a construction
engineer, resident Civil Engineer, project engineer,
quality control engineer, cost engineer or engineer
inspector in a project. In accordance with Section 23 of
RA 544, only registered Civil Engineers can take charge
or supervise construction or alteration of any building or
structure and any other civil engineering works
mentioned in Section 2 of the mentioned Republic Act.
The Civil Engineer when employed is similarly required to
comply with the code of ethics of the profession as the
consulting. Civil Engineer.
2.4 SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
 Special services required during the study, design,
construction, and operation phases of a construction project
may include investigations, reports, and activities beyond the
scope of the basic services.
 Special services that may be provided by the Civil Engineer
or negotiated with other firms or sub-consultants by the Civil
Engineer acting on behalf of the client could include:
o Geotechnical engineering – o Mill, shop, or laboratory inspections
including test borings, of the materials and equipment.
sampling and analysis, o Additional copies of reports,
and recommendations. construction drawings,
o Special studies, tests, specifications, and other
and process determinations documents as required for
to establish design bidding and construction beyond
criteria or demonstrate the number specified in the Basic
compliance. Services agreement.
o Land surveys, establishment of o Extra travel and subsistence as
boundaries and monuments, defined by the agreement for
preparation of easement engineering services.
descriptions, and related o Value engineering
computations and drawings. o Redesign to reflect changes
o Engineering and topographic requested by the client or
surveys for design and necessitated by the client’s
construction. acceptance of substitutions
proposed by the contractor.
o Assistance to the client as an expert o
witness in litigation in connection with the
project or in hearings before approving
and regulatory agencies.
o Final investigations involving detailed o
consideration of operation,
maintenance, and overhead expenses;
preparation of final rate schedules, and o
earning and expense statements;
appraisal, valuations, and material audits
or inventories required for certification of
force account construction performed
by the client or for extra work done by the
contractor.
o Preparation of detailed applications
and supporting documents grants or
o Assessment of a completed project’s
advances for public works
projects.
o Plotting, computing, and filing of
subdivision plans, staking of lots, and o
other land planning and partitioning
activities.
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Preparation of environmental assessment
and impact statements and other
assistance to the client in connection
with public hearings.
Additional studies and design efforts to
meet special conditions encountered
during construction.
Assistance to the client in the selection
and engagement of architects, other
engineers, contractors and
subcontractors, and observation and
approval of their services or work;
contacts with governmental agencies to
obtain permits and documents; and other
services related to project development.
ability to meet its design intent relative to
capacity, maintainability, operability, or
reliability.
Computer simulation and modeling.
2.5 ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES 24

The engineering support services in general civil engineering

practice may involve drafting, land and construction surveying,
and the other data gathering activities for specialized
purposes. Although persons who are not Civil Engineers
sometimes accomplish some of these tasks, the procurement
of adequate and correct date usually requires professional
Civil Engineering judgment and guidance. Since soundness of
any engineering decision is dependent upon the accuracy
and suitability of data obtained in field and laboratory
investigations these supporting services must be under the
guidance of the Civil Engineer whose decisions will be based
upon those data.
 2.6 ACADEMIC SERVICES 25

These services involve full or part time teaching or training of

prospective professionals and also the upgrading of knowledge
and skills of fellows professionals. Academic services may
include:
 Teaching of civil engineering courses in engineering
colleges/universities on part/full time basis. As per RA 8981,
all subjects for licensure examinations shall be taught by
persons who are holders of valid certificates of
registration/professional licenses and professional
identification cards, or special temporary permits, or a
valid certificate of competency for the profession issued
by the Commission, and who comply with the other
requirements of the CHED.
 Lecturing in Civil Engineering courses designed by the
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers for practicing
engineers who want to obtain CPD credits.
 Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil
engineering concepts and related subjects.
 Serving as a Resources Speaker in Technical Session.
 Writing technical articles and pamphlets.
2.7 SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE 26
 This is a condition when a Civil Engineer engages to perform work or
fulfill duties regularly for wages or salary being paid by an employer.
 A Civil Engineer may be employed for any position or function in any
commercial or institutional organization. Where he is performing civil
engineering functions, he is required to follow the code of ethics for
Civil Engineers and comply with the standards and guidelines of this
manual. A licensed Civil Engineer may not allow his licensed to be
used by the company that employs him without the proper
agreement for his professional services. Where the firm he is working
for uses his license to sign and seal the plans, specifications and
contract document, the Civil Engineer much charge the
professional fee for said services.
 A Civil Engineer in part time employment with a firm is considered to
be an employee and at the
same time a consultant of the firm.
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 The standards for an employee and an individual consultant
as defined in this manual apply to this Civil Engineer.
 Any Civil Engineer employed as an individual consultant of
any firm, whether the firm is performing engineering,
commercial, administrative, management or financial
services is required to comply with the requirements and the
standards herein established for a consulting Civil
Engineering firm or consulting Civil Engineer.
 All Government Civil Engineers employed by the
instrumentalities of the Government e.g. national and local,
shall be governed by pertinent existing laws and regularities
and particularly to those prescribed by the Civil Service
Commission. In case of any conflict with any of the provisions
of this Manual of Practice, such pertinent laws and
regulations shall take precedence and shall govern.