OBJECTIVES

Explain the relationship of volume,

pressure and temperature using
kinetic molecular theory.
Investigate the relationship
between volume and pressure at
constant temperature of gas and
the relationship between volume
and temperature at constant
pressure of a gas.
Gas Laws

LOGO
Gas Laws

are simple mathematical

relationships between the volume
temperature,pressure, and the
amount of gas.
 The following are assumptions
made in KMT

1. Gases are composed of

atoms/molecules that are separated and
far from one another. The space between
them is very wide, thus, occupying a
wide atmosphere.
2. These tiny particles are moving
constantly in a straight but random
direction, resulting to the collision
between them and with the walls of the
container, thus, creating pressure.
The force of attraction between atoms in
negligible.
The collision of particles does not result
in the energy change, although a transfer
of energy may occur in collision.
All gas molecules have the same average
kinetic energy at the same temperature.
Temperature is defined as average
kinetic energy.
 IDEAL GAS

is a gas whose molecules have no

attraction for each other.
is a gas that conforms the assumption
made in KMT.

Note: In nature, ideal gases do not exist.

Only real gases do such as oxygen,
hydrogen and helium.
Now I know That :

Kinetic Molecular Theory is a

model that effectively describes
and explains the 3 phases of
matter.
IDEAL GAS is a hypothetical gas that perfectly fits all assumptions of KMT

3 variables that define the conditions of a

gas are Pressure, Temperature and
Volume.
 PROPERTIES OF GASES

Gases are compressible.

Gases have low densities.

Gases exert pressure.

Gases diffuse easily.

 PRESSURE


Pressure may be expressed in
the following units:

7. bar
 CONVERSION FACTORS

= 1.01 bar
= 101.3 kPa
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

The prevailing atmospheric pressure in

Manila one day is 0.95 atm. What is the
pressure in a) torr, b) mm Hg?

Express each of the following pressure in

atmosphere.
a) 1250 torr
b) 950 mm Hg
What is the effect of pressure on
the volume of the gas at constant
temperature?
• As pressure increases , the volume of the gas
decreases
• As pressure decreases, the volume of the gas increases

How is pressure related to volume?

 How is pressure related to volume?

• Inversely proportional
Boyle’s J-shaped device
 Boyle’s Law:
At constant T the P of the gas is
inversely proportional to its V
At constant P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
temperature, the •Where:
pressure of the gas is P1 = initial pressure
inversely proportional P2 = final pressure
to the volume of the V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume
gas.

Named after Robert Boyle

Named after Robert
Boyle
Boyle’s Law
 Explain in terms of Boyle’s law :

What happens when you alternately

squeeze a hallow rubber ball ?
 What happens when you alternately squeeze
a hallow rubber ball?

Answer
 When you squeeze a hollow rubber ball :
the volume decreases and the pressure within the
ball increases.
 When the squeezing ceases, the volume
increases and the pressure decreases within the
ball and release a hollow rubber ball
 Boyle’s Law

Examples
 Change of Pressure in a Syringe
 The popping of a Balloon
 Increase in size of bubbles as they rise to
the surface
 Death of deep sea creatures due to change
in pressure.
 Popping of ears at high altitude
to solve the Gas Laws Problems
Problems:

1. A sample of Oxygen gas

has a volume of 150.0 mL,
when the pressure is 0.947
atm. What will be the volume
of the gas be at a pressure of
0.987 atm. If the temperature
remains constant?
 Boyle’s Law Problem:

2. The piston of the internal combustion

engine compresses 450.0 mL of gas. The
final pressure is 15 times greater than the
initial pressure. What is the final volume of
the gas, assuming constant temperature?
(Treat “15 times” as a pure number, with
unlimited significant figures.)
 Boyle’s Law:

2. A helium-filled balloon
contains 125 mL of gas at a
pressure of 0.974 atm. What
volume will the gas occupy at
standard pressure?
 Boyle’s Law

3. A balloon filled with helium gas has a

volume of 500 mL at a pressure of 1 atm.
The balloon is released and reaches an
altitude of 6.5 km, where the pressure is
0.5 atm. If the temperature has remained
the same, what volume does the gas
occupy at this height?
 Boyle’s Law

5. The total volume of soda can

is 415 mL. of this 415 mL, there
is 60.0 mL of headspace for the
CO2 gas put in to carbonated
beverage. Of a volume of 100.0
mL of gas a standard pressure is
added to the can, what is the
pressure in the can in kPa when
it has been sealed?
 Boyle Law:

6. It is hard to begin inflating

a balloon. A pressure of
800.0 Kpa is required to
initially inflate the balloon
225.0 mL. What is the final
pressure when the balloon
has reached it’s capacity of
1.2 L?
Answers:

1) 144 mL O2

2) 30.0 mL

3) 122 mL

4) 1000 mL He

5) 169 Kpa

6) 150 Kpa
 Boyle’s Law

What is the final pressure of a

gas at constant temperature if
its original volume was tripled?

The final pressure is 1/3 of

the original pressure of the
gas.
 Boyle’s Law

What was the initial temperature of a gas

at constant pressure if its final volume
decreased to half of the original on
cooling?

The initial temperature, K, is twice the
final temperature, in K, of the gas.
 Recall !

 How do gases behave?

The 3 variables that define he conditions

of a gas are Pressure, Temperature and
Volume

How does temperature affect the volume

of the gas at constant pressure?
 Sample Problems

Freon in an air-conditioning unit has a

volume of 0.30 liter. It is allowed to
function in a room where the
pressure is about 628mmHg,
assuming that the temperature is in
constant state. Find the final pressure
of Freon when its volume is increased
to 0.95L.
 Sample Problems

A sample of gas occupies a

volume of 350mL under a
pressure of 0.75atm. If the
temperature is held constant,
what volume will the sample
occupy under 1.0 atm of
pressure?
Charles’ Law

Hot air balloons were extremely popular in

early 1800 in France that the 2 prominent
French scientists Jacques Charles and
Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac made detailed
measurements on how to improve the
performance of their balloons.
Charles’ Law

What is the effect of increasing

the temperature on the volume of
the gas?

CondASAition: At constant
pressure

.
Condition: At constant Pressure

What is the effect of

increasing the temperature
on the volume of the gas?
 Condition: At constant Pressure

What is the effect of increasing the

temperature on the volume of the
gas?

Condition: At constant pressure

• As temperature increases , the volume of the

gas increases
• As temperature decreases, the volume of the
gas decreases

Charles’ Law states that at constant

pressure, the volume of the gas varies
directly with the Kelvin temperature.
Charles’ Law

Where:
V1= initial volume
V2= final volume
T1= initial temperature in K
T2= final Temperature in K

Graphically
 A negative volume is
obviously impossible, so
If a decrease in the temperature at which
the volume drops to zero
temperature results must, in some sense, be
in a decrease in the lowest temperature
volume, what that can be achieved.
happens if the
temperature is
lowered to a point
where the volume This temperature is called
absolute zero.
drops to zero?
Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law

1. What was the initial

temperature of a gas
at constant pressure if
its final volume was
half of the original?
 Problems:

2. 257 mL of oxygen in a gas

tube goes from 17°C to 42°C
from being out in the sun. The
pressure in the tube is 39
#/in2, but it does not change
as the temperature increases.
What is the volume of the
tube after it has heated?
Problems:

3. A constant pressure
tank of gas at 1.01 atm
has propane in it at
15°C when it is at 255
cubic meters. What is
its volume at 48°C?
 Charles’ Law Problem:

1. A given mass of a gas

occupies 960 ml at 27oC.
What volume will it
occupy if the temperature
is raised to 177oC,
pressure remaining
constant.
Problems:

2. The volume of a
given mass of gas, at
150oC is 400 ml. At
. what temperature, will

it occupy a volume of
600 ml at the same
pressure?
3. A 132 mL of gas is measured
at 380C. If the pressure remain
constant, what will be the volume
of the gas at 100C.
4. A given mass of a gas is at
3oC. When the gas is heated to
95oC at a constant pressure, it
occupies a volume of 460 ml.
What is the initial volume of the
gas?
Answers:

1) The initial temperature is

twice the final temperature of
the gas.

2) 279 mL

3) 284 cubic meter

4) 1,440 mL

5 159 C

6) 345 mL
Gas Laws

What would you

predict about the
relationship
between Pressure
and Temperature
at constant Volume
?
Gas Laws

You have learned the

quantitative
relationship between
• Pressure and Volume
at constant Temperature
• Volume and
Temperature at
constant Pressure
 Why may your
soda can burst
open if you
leave it in your ?
car too long on
very hot days?

This unruly behavior is manifestation

of Gay-Lussac's Law at work.
 Why do closed
jars or aerosol
cans or beer
kegs explode )
when they are
tossed into a
fire?

This unruly behavior is a

manifestationof Gay-Lussac's Law at
work.
 What happens to
the pressure in a
tire as an
automobile is
driven 100 km on
a hot day
(assume constant
volume)

This unruly behavior is a

manifestation of Gay-Lussac's Law at
work.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law

Named after Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and

fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's
absolute temperature
 Gay-Lussac’s Law

Amontons's Law of Pressure-Temperature: The pressure

law described above should actually be attributed to Guillaume
Amontons, who in the late 17th century (more accurately
between 1700 and 1702) discovered that the pressure of a
fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume is proportional to
the temperature.

• Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".

Gay-Lussac’s Law

The law can then be expressed mathematically as:

• PαT or P/T = k
• where:
P is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin
k is a constant

This law holds true because temperature is a measure of

the average kinetic energy of a substance.

As the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide

with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting
increased pressure.
Gay-Lussac’s Law

For comparing the same substance under

two different sets of conditions, the law
can be written as:

Graphically
Example: Aerosol can explode in
fire
Pressure Cooker
 Pressure cooker is works upon the principle that
as the pressure increases the temperature at
which water boils increases. The pressure is
built in the cooker allowing the water in the
cooker to rise to higher temperature before it
starts boiling. So because of this high
temperature the cooking becomes faster.
 The Pressure is built in the cooker by means of
the valve ad the Gasket around the lid. Cooker
is made of aluminum or the stainless steel
material and the valve is closed using a weight.
The gasket around the lid prevents the water
from flowing out of the container. So the
pressure is built up in the cooker and so the
temperature at which it boils becomes more.
 Due to this high temperature the food gets
cooked fast. If the pressure becomes more than
that is required the vapor escapes from the
valve. This can be observed by us in form of the
whistle sounds.
 Advantages of pressure cooker

 The food in large quantities is cooked much faster than in any

other method.
 The food is cooked at more than the usual boiling point of water
and so it is microorganisms safe.
 Pressure cooker can also be used as sterilizer for glass baby
bottles.
 The minimum quantity of water is used so there is no danger of
the vitamins and minerals from the food getting leached as they
dissolve in water.
 Pressure cooker is very helpful at higher altitudes where less
atmospheric pressure is observed.
Problems:

1. A cylinder contain a gas which

has a pressure of 125kPa at a
temperature of 200 K. Find the
temperature of the gas which has
a pressure of 100 kPa.
Problems:

2. Find the final pressure of

gas at 150 K, if the pressure
of gas is 210 kPa at 120 K.
Problem: Gay Lussac’s Law

3. A gas cylinder at room

temperature (20 C) is thrown into
an incinerator where the
temperature reaches 500 C. If the
gas inside the container was
initially at a pressure of 1.0 atm,
what pressure did it reach inside
the incinerator? Assume the gas
was at constant volume and the
container did not explode.
Problems:

4. At 122 C the pressure of a sample of

nitrogen gas is 1.07 atm. What will be the
pressure be at 205 C. assume at constant
volume.
5. A sample of helium gas has a pressure of of
1.20 atm at 22 C. At what Celsius temperature
will the helium reach a pressure of 2.00 atm,
assuming constant volume.
Answers:

1) 160 K
2) 262.5 kPa
3) 2.6 atm
4) 1.29 atm
5) 219 C
 Combined Gas Law

If we combine the relationships

expressing Boyle’s Law,
Charles’ Law,
Gay Lussac’s Law
The formula for the Combined
Gas Law can be expressed as: P1V1T2 =
P2V2T1
 Combined Gas Law

If a gas sample undergoes changes in T ,

P and V.
 3 Variables must be dealt with at once.
Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay Lussac’s Law
can be combined into a single expression
It expresses the relationship between P.
V, and T of a fixed amount of gas as
follows:
PV/T = K
 Combined Gas Law Problem:

A helium –filled balloon has a

volume of 50.0 L at 25 0 C and
1.08 atm. What volume will it
have at 0.855 atm and 10.0 0
C?
V2 = 60.0 mL
 2. A given mass of gas has a volume of
893mL at -330C and 480 torr. Calculate
the volume of the gas at 300C and 210
torr of pressure and the amount of gas is
constant.
 3. The volume of a sample of gas is
750mL at 600C and 0.7 atm. At what
temperature will the sample 1.00L
occupy under a pressure of 1.00 atm?
 4. A 2L sample of a gas is collected at
200C and 1.5 atm. What is the pressure
of the gas at 300K if the volume is 5.0L?
 Combined Gas Law Problem:

5. A 700.0 mL gas sample at STP is

compressed to a volume of 200.0 mL,
and the temperature is increased to 30.0
0 C. what is the new pressure of the gas

in Pa and in Kpa?

 P2 = 3.94 X 10 5 or 394 kPa

 Let us summarize:

1. Gases exhibit definite behaviors that

may be identified and analyzed.

2. Standard Temperature and Pressure,

STP, refers to accepted experimental
conditions for the study of gases, 1 atm
and 273 K.
Boyle’s Law demonstrates that at
constant temperature, gas volume varies
inversely with pressure
Charles’ Law predicts that at constant
pressure, gas volume varies directly with
temperature changes
Gay-Lussac’s Law shows that at constant
volume, the pressure of a gas is
proportional to its temperature
Temperature, pressure and volume are
all interrelated and several changes may
occur simultaneously and can be
determined using the Combined Gas Law.
 Evaluation:

1. Who was the English scientist who made

accurate observations on how pressure
and volume were related ?
2. When pressure on a gas is reduced to
half, what happens to its volume?
3. In the equation for Boyle’s Law, P2
stands for:
4. The volume of a gas increases to 150%.
What happens to its temperature ?
5.The mathematical statement of Charles' Law is

6. Which value represents the standard

temperature?

7.At a given temperature, a gas can be

compressed to a smaller volume by:

8. It’s 12 noon and you just bought a dozen

balloons for your little sister’s birthday. Upon
arriving at your house after traveling for more
than an hour, you found that some of the
balloons had burst (but the atmospheric
pressure did not change at all). You accept this
as a consequence of What Gas Law?
5.The mathematical statement of Charles' Law is

6. Which value represents the standard

temperature?

7.At a given temperature, a gas can be

compressed to a smaller volume by:

8. It’s 12 noon and you just bought a dozen

balloons for your little sister’s birthday. Upon
arriving at your house after traveling for more
than an hour, you found that some of the
balloons had burst (but the atmospheric
pressure did not change at all). You accept this
as a consequence of What Gas Law?
9.The J-shaped glass tube containing
mercury and a sample of trapped gas
was used by_______ to measure the
reduction in volume as more mercury is
added.

10. For Charles’ Law to apply, the gas

must be kept at constant ____
 Evaluation: Is it true or False ?

1. Boiling is the same as evaporation.

2. Water has low vapor pressure. It does not
evaporate easily.
3. When liquid evaporates easily, we say liquid is
volatile.
4. Air pressure (atm) is lower at high elevations.
5. Boiling point of water is lower in high altitudes
than at sea level.
6. Salt elevates the boiling point of water and
therefore shortens cooking time.
7. Hard water boils at higher length of time.
 Evaluation: Is it true or False ?

1. Boiling point of water is lower on stormy days.

2. Boiled food will take longer time to cook on a stormy day.
3. Given volume of water boil at a higher temperature in a
tall and narrow pot than in a short and wide one.
4. Eggs should be boiled for little longer during hurricanes.
5. A gas confined in sealed bottle is cooled. The gas
molecules drop to the bottom of the bottle.
6. The diffusion process of a gas takes a relatively long
period of time to complete because gas molecules
experience numerous collisions while diffusing.
7. As gas molecules collide, they lose their kinetic energies.
8. Pressure cooker decreses the boiling point of the water
solution in it by building up the pressure of the air trapped
from the evaporated steam in the cooking