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Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) also known as solvent
extraction, is a method to separate compounds based on their
relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually
water and an organic solvent.
It consists of transferring one or more solute contained in a
feed solution to another immiscible liquid (solvent).
It depends on the mass transfer of the component to be
extracted from a first liquid phase to a second one.
Separation is achieved when the substances constituting
the original solution is transferred from the original solution
OUTPUT
Introduction
Purpose of Extraction
Definition
Theory
Fundamental principles of LLE
Methods of Extraction
Types of extractors
Choice of solvent
Advantages of solvent extraction
Application of Extraction
Discussion
End
References
PURPOSE OF
EXTRACTION
To separate closed-boiling point mixture
Mixture that cannot withstand high temperature
of distillation
( 3.1)
o Distribution coefficient
( 3.3)
o Extraction factor
A) Batch extraction
• Batch extraction, the simplest and most commonly used
method, consists of extracting the solute from one immiscible
layer in to other by shaking.
• This is commonly used on the small scale in chemical
laboratories.
• The most commonly employed apparatus for performing a
batch extraction is a separatory funnel.
B) Continuous extraction
• Continuous extraction, makes use of a continuous flow of
immiscible solvent through the solution or a continuous
countercurrent flow of both phases.
• Continuous extractions are particularly applicable when the
distribution ratio is relatively small.
• Continuous extraction device operate on the same general
principle, which consist of distilling the extracting solvent
from a boiler flask and condensing it and passing it
continuously through the solution being extracted.
C) Countercurrent extractions
• Extraction by continuous countercurrent distribution is the
third general type and is used primarily for fractionation
purposes.
• The separation through continuous countercurrent method is
achieved by virtue of the density difference between the
fluids in contact.
• The choice of method to be employed will depend primarily
upon the value of the distribution ratio of the solute of
interest, as well as on the separation factors of the
TYPES OF
EXTRACTORS
These extractor types can be categorized into
three groups:
The static extraction column
The static extraction column is an extractor without any
stirring mechanism to separate the extractant from
diluents. As shown in Figure 3.6
The rotary or agitated column,
Agitated columns were developed in order to control the
efficiency of LLE. Three types of major agitated columns are
illustrated in Figure 3.7
The centrifugal extractor
The centrifugal extractor is an advanced design to separate
extractant from diluents using a rapid centrifuge. Figure 3.8
shows the basic structure of a centrifugal extractor .
CHOICE OF
SOLVENT
Factors to be considered:
Selectivity
Distribution coefficient
Insolubility of solvent
Recoverability of solute from solvent
Density difference between liquid phases
Interfacial tension
Chemical reactivity
Cost
Viscosity, vapour pressure
Flammability, toxicity
The requirements for extractants are as follows:
Disadvantages
x slow (can take several days)
x oil volume not directly measured
x oil remains in solvent
APPLICATION OF
EXTRACTION