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INTRODUCTI

ON
 Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) also known as solvent
extraction, is a method to separate compounds based on their
relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually
water and an organic solvent.
 It consists of transferring one or more solute contained in a
feed solution to another immiscible liquid (solvent).
 It depends on the mass transfer of the component to be
extracted from a first liquid phase to a second one.
 Separation is achieved when the substances constituting
the original solution is transferred from the original solution
OUTPUT
 Introduction
 Purpose of Extraction
 Definition
 Theory
 Fundamental principles of LLE
 Methods of Extraction
 Types of extractors
 Choice of solvent
 Advantages of solvent extraction
 Application of Extraction
 Discussion
 End
 References
PURPOSE OF

EXTRACTION
To separate closed-boiling point mixture
 Mixture that cannot withstand high temperature
of distillation

Example: - recovery of penicillin from fermentation


broth solvent:

butyl acetate - recovery of acetic acid from dilute


aqueous solutions solvent: ethyl-acetate
DEFINITION
Three components are involved in the LLE process:
solute, diluent, and extractant.
Solute, which is dissolved in diluent, is extracted from
the diluent and dissolved into another solvent, the
extractant.

 solute: species we aim to recover (A) from the feed


 feed or “feed solvent”: one of the liquids in the
system (“carrier”)
THEORY

Fundamental principles of LLE


The LLE process is based on the solubility of solute in
different solvents.
For a given system, the solute will distribute in different
solvents at a certain partition ratio, and this ratio will not
change as the system reaches equilibrium.
The properties of the LLE system, and some important
definitions, are as follows:
o Equilibrium partition ratios

In the ideal equilibrium state, the solute concentration is low


enough that every solute molecule is surrounded by solution
and the two phases of the dissolved solute are in the same
molecular state; therefore, the weight fraction of solute in
extractant (y) divided by the weight fraction of solute in the
diluent (x) at the given stable condition is constant, termed
partition ratio (K), as shown in Eq. (3.1):

( 3.1)
o Distribution coefficient

In a real situation, the solute will be at different states in


different phases, and different states of solute will exchange
depending on the solution. Therefore, the partition ratio is not
a• constant it willconstant
The distribution changeK,as thebeextractant
must greater thanchanges Eq. (3.2):
1 if the desired product i
extract stream.
• The distribution constant K, must be lesser than 1 if the desired product is
raffinate stream. (3.2)
o Separation factor
The separation factor is a dimensionless factor that measures the
relative enrichment of solute in extractant after the LLE process. the
separation factor is a parameter to describe the selectivity of solvent,
as in Eq. (3.3).

( 3.3)
o Extraction factor

The extraction factor is defined as the total amount of solute in the


extractant phase divided by total amount solute in the raffinate
phase.
For many commercial processes, the extraction factor is in the range
of 1.3 to 5.
The extraction factor depends on the operation factors, such as
temperature, solution volume, and concentration of salt in solution.
METHODS OF
EXTRACTION
Three basic methods of liquid-liquid extraction are generally utilized in
the analytical laboratory.

A) Batch extraction
• Batch extraction, the simplest and most commonly used
method, consists of extracting the solute from one immiscible
layer in to other by shaking.
• This is commonly used on the small scale in chemical
laboratories.
• The most commonly employed apparatus for performing a
batch extraction is a separatory funnel.
B) Continuous extraction
• Continuous extraction, makes use of a continuous flow of
immiscible solvent through the solution or a continuous
countercurrent flow of both phases.
• Continuous extractions are particularly applicable when the
distribution ratio is relatively small.
• Continuous extraction device operate on the same general
principle, which consist of distilling the extracting solvent
from a boiler flask and condensing it and passing it
continuously through the solution being extracted.
C) Countercurrent extractions
• Extraction by continuous countercurrent distribution is the
third general type and is used primarily for fractionation
purposes.
• The separation through continuous countercurrent method is
achieved by virtue of the density difference between the
fluids in contact.
• The choice of method to be employed will depend primarily
upon the value of the distribution ratio of the solute of
interest, as well as on the separation factors of the
TYPES OF
EXTRACTORS
These extractor types can be categorized into
three groups:
 The static extraction column
The static extraction column is an extractor without any
stirring mechanism to separate the extractant from
diluents. As shown in Figure 3.6
 The rotary or agitated column,
Agitated columns were developed in order to control the
efficiency of LLE. Three types of major agitated columns are
illustrated in Figure 3.7
 The centrifugal extractor
The centrifugal extractor is an advanced design to separate
extractant from diluents using a rapid centrifuge. Figure 3.8
shows the basic structure of a centrifugal extractor .
CHOICE OF
SOLVENT
Factors to be considered:
 Selectivity
 Distribution coefficient
 Insolubility of solvent
 Recoverability of solute from solvent
 Density difference between liquid phases
 Interfacial tension
 Chemical reactivity
 Cost
 Viscosity, vapour pressure
 Flammability, toxicity
The requirements for extractants are as follows:

• the solute should be easily separated from extractant after


the LLE.
• a high partition ratio is another property allowing effective
separation of a desirable compound from the diluent.
• the extractant should have high solubility for the target solute
and low solubility for the diluent.
• the extractant should have a different density from diluents
for easy layering.
• low toxicity for the extractant and diluents is needed for
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages

 accurate determination of water saturation


 non-destructive to core samples
 determination of water saturation by solvent extraction can
be made part of the core sample cleaning process for
small incremental cost

Disadvantages
x slow (can take several days)
x oil volume not directly measured
x oil remains in solvent
APPLICATION OF
EXTRACTION

 Some solvent extraction is done physically by centrifuging.


The solution is spun at high speeds until most of the solvent
has been extracted.

 To further extract any more volatiles , air or oven drying


techniques are used.

 You can also extract solids from solvent by coagulating the


solids in the solvent and extracting the resulting lumpy
matter.
DISCUSSION
 When choosing the solvents for liquid-liquid extractions, what
characteristics must they have?
1) First solvent would preferably completely dissolve both compounds in
the mixture
2) Second solvent selected must be immiscible with the first solvent
3) Second solvent should preferentially dissolve only one component of
the original mixture
 What happens when we repeat the extracting step many
times?
We add a fresh portion of the solvent to separatory funnel containing
original solution of mixture, to ensure that we get best possible
separation
 Why are emulsions a bad thing?
END
The first commercially-successful liquid-liquid extraction
operation was developed for the petroleum industry in 1909
when Edeleanu's process was employed for the removal of
aromatic hydrocarbons from kerosene, using liquid sulfur
This slide deals with thedioxide as solvent.
advances in the development of solvents
for liquid–liquid extraction:

• The future will bring a further increase in concern over the


environmental impact of chemical operations.
• This requires the removal of hazardous substances.
• For many of the dilute waste solutions, solvent extraction has
proved to be an effective process.
• In principle, solvent extraction is an environment-friendly process
with no air or water pollution.
• It could, therefore, replace many of the present polluting
processes.
REFERENCES

 Prof. Mukesh Doble- Liquid-Liquid Extraction- Indian Institute of Technology,


Madras- Lecture – 8-page,3
 Prof. Mukesh Doble- Liquid-Liquid Extraction- Indian Institute of Technology,
Madras- Lecture – 7-pages 7,6
 Frederick F. Cantwell and Manon Losier - Liquid-liquid extraction -Chapter 11 –
page, 297
 Jianguo Zhang and Bo Hu - Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA- Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)-
pages ,62,63,65,66,68,69.
 J. Stary, “The Solvent Extraction of Metal Chelates”, Pergamon, Oxford, (1964).
 Organic Chem I 1 Alternative Title: “Shake it all out!”- Experiment #2-
Liquid/Liquid Extraction – page3
 © Kevin Dunn, 2013 - Separation Processes: Liquid-liquid extraction -ChE 4M3 –

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