CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND

MORTALITY
 The WHO Expert
committee on
Health Statistics
noted in its 6th
MORBIDITY report that
morbidity could be
measured in terms
of 3 units.
a. Person who ill;
b. The illness that
these persons
experienced and
c. The duration of
these illness.
 Is the condition of
being mortal, or
MORTALITY susceptible to
death; the opposite
of immortality,
 1. Acute respiratory
infection
2. Acute lower
respiratory tract
TEN LEADING CAUSES OF infection and
MORBIDITY pneumonia
3. Bronchitis
4. Hypertension
5. Acute watery
diarrhea
6. Influenza
7. Urinary tract
infection
8.Tuberculosis/respi
ratory ailments
9. Injuries
10. Diseases of the
heart
 Acute respiratory
1. ACUTE RESPIRATORY infection is an infection
INFECTION that may interfere with
normal breathing.
 1. Congestion, either in
the nasal sinuses or
lungs
SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE 2. Runny nose
RESPIRATORY INFECTION 3. Cough
4. Sore throat
5. Body aches
6. Fatigue
 • A fever over 103f
(39c) and chills
• Difficulty
CALL YOUR DOCTOR IF
breathing
YOU EXPERIENCE:
• Dizziness
• Loss of
consciousness
WHAT CAUSES ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
INFECTION?
 • Acute pharyngitis
CAUSES OF UPPER • Acute ear
RESPIRATORY INFECTION infection
• Common cold
 • BRONCHITIS
CAUSES OF LOWER
• PNEUMONIA
RESPIRATORY INFECTION
• BRONCHIOLITIS
HOW IS ACUTE
RESPIRATORY INFECTION
TREATED?
 Acute lower
respiratory infections
include pneumonia
2. ACUTE LOWER (infection of the lung
RESPIRATORY alveoli), as well as
infections affecting
TRACT INFECTION the airways such as
AND PNEUMONIA acute bronchitis and
bronchiolitis,
influenza and
whooping cough.
 Infections are
Causes of acute caused by tiny
lower respiratory organisms, known
tract infection. as bacteria or
viruses.
 Pneumonia is an
infection in one or
PNEUMONIA both lungs.
Bacteria, viruses,
and fungi cause it.
 • Coughing
• Fever
• Sweating or chills
• Shortness of breath
SYMPTOMS OF • Chest pain
PNEUMONIA • Feelings of
tiredness or fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea or vomiting
• Headaches
 • Oral antibiotics
PNEUMONIA TREATMENT
 BRONCHITIS CAN
3. BRONCHITIS BE ACUTE OR
CHRONIC
 Acute bronchitis
typically lasts less
than 10 days, but
1. ACUTE BRONCHITIS
the coughing can
continue for several
weeks.
 • Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Tiredness
• Sneezing
SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE
• Wheezing
BRONCHITIS • Feeling cold easily
• Back and muscle
aches
• Fever
 On the other hand,
can last for several
weeks and usually
comes back. This
2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
condition is more
common in people
with asthma or emp
hysema.
 • Fatigue
• Fever
SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC • Chills
BRONCHITIS • Chest discomfort
• Sinus congestion
• Bad breath
 High blood
pressure, or
hypertension,
4. HYPERTENSION occurs when your
blood pressure
increases to
unhealthy levels.
 • Headaches
• Shortness of
breath
• Nosebleeds
SYMPTOMS OF
• Flushing
HYPERTENSION • Dizziness
• Chest pain
• Visual changes
• Blood in the urine
 • Smoking
• Being overweight
or obese
• Lack of physical
activity
CAUSES OF • Too much salt in
HYPERTENSION the diet
• Too much alcohol
consumption
• Stress
• Older age
• Genetics
 1. LOSE EXTRA POUNDS
AND WATCH YOUR
10 LIFESTYLE CHANGES WAISTLINE
2. Exercise regularly
YOU CAN MAKE TO
3. Eat a healthy diet
LOWER YOUR BLOOD 4. Reduce sodium in your
PRESSURE diet
5. Limit the amount of
alcohol you drink
6. Quit smoking
7. Cut back on caffeine
8. Reduce your stress
9. Monitor your blood
pressure at home and see
your doctor regularly
10. Get support
 Loose, watery and
5. ACUTE WATERY
possible more-frequent
DIARRHEA
bowel movements.
 • Loose, watery stools
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Blood in the stool
SYMPTOMS • Mucus in the stool
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Urgent need to have a
bowel movement
 • Alcohol abuse
• Allergies to certain
foods
• Diseases of the
CAUSES OF DIARRHEA
intestines
• Eating foods that upset
the digestive system
• Infection by bacteria
 In most cases, diarrhea can
be treated at home and it
will resolve itself in a few
days. Drink plenty of fluids,
TREATMENT
and follow the "BRAT" diet
(bananas, rice, applesauce,
and toast) to help ease
symptoms.
 Influenza,
commonly known as
“the flu”, is an
6. INFLUENZA
infectious disease
caused by an
influenza virus.
 The flu is caused by
influenza viruses that infect
the nose, throat, and lungs.
These viruses spread when
people with flu cough,
CAUSE OF INFLUENZA sneeze or talk, sending
droplets with the virus into
the air and potentially into
the mouths or noses of
people who are nearby.
 • Coughing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sneezing
SYMPTOMS OF • Sore throat
INFLUENZA • Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Chills
 Usually, you'll need nothing
more than bed rest and plenty
of fluids to treat the flu. But if
you have severe infection or
are at higher risk for
complications, your doctor
TREATMENTS may prescribe an antiviral
medication, such as
oseltamivir (tamiflu),
zanamivir (relenza), peramivir
(rapivab) or baloxavir
(xofluza)
 A urinary tract infection
(UTI) is an infection from
7. URINARY TRACT microbes. These are
INFECTION (UTI) organisms that are too
small to be seen without a
microscope.
 • Sexual
intercourse
CAUSES OF UTI • Diabetes
• Poor personal
hygiene
 • Strong ad frequent
urge to urinate
• Cloudy, bloody, or
strong-smelling
urine
• Pain or a burning
SYMPTOMS OF UTI sensation when
urinating
• Nausea and
vomiting
• Muscle aches and
abdominal pains
 • Drink lots of
TREATMENTS water
• Don’t hold it
 Tuberculosis (TB), once
called consumption, is a
8. TUBERCULOSIS/
highly infectious disease
RESPIRATORY AILMENTS
that primarily affects the
lungs.
 A bacteria
CAUSES OF
called mycobacterium
TUBERCULOSIS
tuberculosis causes TB.
TB bacteria are
transmitted through
infected droplets in the
air. Once they’re in the air,
another nearby person
can inhale them. A person
who has TB can be
transmitted the bacteria
via:
 • Unexplained fatigue
• Fever
SYMPTOMS OF
• Night sweats
TUBERCULOSIS
• Appetite loss
• Weight loss
 • Isonazid
• Rifampin (Rifadin,
Rimactane)
TREATMENT
• Ethambutol
(Myambutol)
• Pyrazinamide
 Injury also known
as physical trauma
9. INJURIES is the damage to
the body caused by
external force.
 • Accidents
• Falls
CAUSES OF INJURIES
• Hits
• Weapons
 PRICE THERAPY
PRICE STAND FOR
TREATMENT PROTECTION, REST, ICE,
COMPRESSION AND
ELEVATION.
 Protect the affected area
from further injury – for
1. PROTECTION
example, by using a
support.
 Avoid exercise and reduce
your daily physical activity.
Using crutches or a
walking stick may help if
2. REST
you can't put weight on
your ankle or knee. A sling
may help if you've injured
your shoulder.
 Apply an ice pack to the
affected area for 15-20
minutes every two to three
hours. A bag of frozen peas,
3. ICE or similar, will work well.
Wrap the ice pack in a towel
so that it doesn't directly
touch your skin and cause an
ice burn.
 Use elastic compression
4. COMPRESSION bandages during the
day to limit swelling.
 Keep the injured body
part raised above the level
5. ELEVATION of your heart whenever
possible. This may also
help reduce swelling.
 Heart disease is a term
covering any disorder of
the heart.
10. DISEASES OF THE
Heart disease refers to
HEART
issues and deformities in
the heart itself.
 • Congenital heart disease
• Arrhythmia
• Coronary artery disease
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
TYPES OF HEART DISEASE • Myocardial infarction
• Heart failure
• Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
• Mitral regurgitation
 • Lifestyle change
TREATMENT FOR HEART • Medications
DISEASE • Medical procedures or
surgery
 1. Diseases of the heart
2. Diseases of the
vascular system
10 LEADING CAUSES OF 3. Pneumonia
MORTALITY 4. Malignant neoplasm/
cancer
5. All form of
tuberculosis
6. Accidents
7. Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
8. Diabeted mellitus
9. Nephritis
10. Diseases of the
respiratory system
 Vascular diseases
outside the heart are
a major cause of
death and disability.
2. DISEASES OF THE
Vascular disease is
VASCULAR SYSTEM any abnormal
condition of the blood
vessels(arteries and
veins).
 Your vascular
system- the
highways of the
body- is composed
VASCULAR SYSTEM
of three types of
blood vessels.
Arteries, veins, and
Capillaries.
 Carry oxygen-rich
blood from the
1. Arteries
heart, nourishing
every part of the
body
 Carry the blood
back to the heart
2. Veins where it is
replenished with
oxygen.
 Connect the
3. Capillaries arteries to the
veins.
 A malignant neoplasm is a
cancerous tumor, an abnormal
growth that can grow
uncontrolled and spread to other
parts of the body. Cancer is the
uncontrolled growth of abnormal
4. MALIGNANT cells in the body. Cancer develops
NEOPLASM/ CANCER when the body's normal control
mechanism stops working. Old
cells do not die and instead grow
out of control, forming new,
abnormal cells. These extra cells
may form a mass of tissue, called
a tumor.
 1. Biological or internal
factors, such as age,
gender, inherited
genetic defects and skin
type.
CAUSES OF CANCER 2. Environmental
exposure, for instance
to radon and UV
radiation, and fine
particulate matter.
 1. Surgery
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation
CANCER TREATMENT
Therapy
4. Hormonal
therapy
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an
infectious disease caused
by a germ, or bacterium,
called mycobacterium
5. ALL FORM OF
tuberculosis. This germ
TUBERCULOSIS often affects the lungs;
however, it may involve
any organ and may infect
anyone at any age.
 1. Active TB
Disease
TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS 2. Miliary TB
3. Latent TB
Infection
 An event not
intended by anyone
but which has the
6. ACCIDENTS result of injuring
someone or
damaging
something.
 1. Accidents at
work
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS 2. Car accidents
3. Motorcycle
ACcidents
 Chronic obstructive
7. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE pulmonary disease
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) is a common lung
(COPD) disease. Having COPD
makes it hard to breathe.
 • Chronic
TWO MAIN FORMS OF
bronchitis
COPD:
• Emphysema
 Smoking is the main cause
of COPD. The more a
person smokes, the more
CAUSE OF COPD likely that person will
develop COPD. But some
people smoke for years
and never get COPD.
 Diabetes mellitus,
commonly known as
diabetes, is a metabolic
disease that causes high
8. DIABETES MELLITUS blood sugar.
Untreated high blood
sugar from diabetes can
damage your nerves, eyes,
kidneys, and other organs.
 1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
3. Prediabetes
DIABETES
4. Gestational
diabetes
 1. Increased hunger
2. Increased thirst
3. Weight loss
SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES 4. Frequent urination
5. Blurry vision
6. Extreme fatigur
7. Sores that don’t heal
 1. Decreased sex
drive
2. Erectile
SYMPTOMS IN MEN
dysfunction (ED)
3. Poor muscle
strength
 1. Uti
SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN 2. Yeast infections
3. DRY AND itchy skin
 A condition in which the
nephrons, the functional
9. NEPHRITIS
units of the kidneys,
become inflamed.
 1. Pain in the pelvis
2. Pain or a burning
sensation while urinating
3. Frequent nedd to urinate
SYMPTOMS OF 4. Cloudy urine
5. Blood or pus in the urine
NEPHRITIS 6. Pain in the kidney area
7. Swelling of the body,
commonly in the face,
legs, and feet
8. Vomiting
 A type of disease that
DISEASES OF THE affects the lungs and
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM other parts of
the respiratory system
 1. Asthma
2. Chronic obstructive
TOP 8 pulmonary disease (COPD)
RESPIRATORY 3.Chronic bronchitis
4.Emphysema
ILLNESSES AND 5.Lung cancer
DISEASES 6.Cystic
fibrosis/bronchiectasis
7.Pneumonia
8.Pleural effusion
Respiratory diseases may
be caused by infection, by
smoking tobacco, or
by breathing in
secondhand tobacco
smoke, radon, asbestos,
or other forms of air
pollution.
SOME OF THE SCIENTIST
WHO CONTRIBUTED
GREATLY IN THE FIELDS
OF MEDICINE AND
HEALTH:
 Born: December 27, 1882
Dole, France
Died: September 28, 1895
(aged 72)
Called the “father of
bacteriology
LOUIS PASTEUR
 Born: May 17, 1749
Berkeley, Gloucestershire
England
Died: January 26 1823
(aged 73)
Known as the conqueror
of smallpox; developed
vaccination
EDWARD JENNER
 Born: October 24, 1632
Delft, Dutch Republic
Died: August 26, 1723
(aged 90)
Delft, Dutch Republic
Discoverer of germs;
invented the microscope
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
 Born: December 11, 1843
Clausthal, Kingdom of
Hanover
Died: May 27, 1910 (aged
66)
Discovered germs causing
tuberculosis
ROBERT KOCH
 Born: October 28, 1914
New York, New York U.S.
Died: June 23, 1995
Discovered vaccine for
paralytic poliomyelitis
JONAS SALK
 Born: August 26, 1906
Bialystok, Russian Empire
(now Poland)
Died: March 3, 1993 (aged
86)
Discovered oral vaccine
for paralytic poliomyelitis
ALBERT SABIN
 Born: August 6, 1881
Darvel, East Ayrshire,
Scottland
Died: March 11 1955 (aged
73)
Discovered penicillin for
antibiotic therapy
ALEXANDER FLEMING
 Birthdate: March 27, 1845
Lennep, Prussia, German
Confederation
Died: February 10, 1923
Discovered x-ray

WILHELM ROENTGEN
 Born: April 1, 1578
Folkestone, Kent, England
Died: June 3, 1657 (aged
79)
Discovered blood
circulation
WILLIAM HARVEY
 Born: November 7, 1867
Warsaw, Congress Poland,
Russian Empire
Died: July 4, 1934 (aged
66)
Discovered radium
MARIE CURIE
 Born: July 29, 1841
Bergen, Norway
Died: February 12 1912
(aged 70)
Discovered leprosy
GERHARD HANSEN