WATER TREATMENT

(Pengolahan Air)

References :
N.F. Gray
WATER TECHNOLOGY
An Introduction for Enviromental Scientiest and Engineers
The Second Edition 2005
SIKLUS AIR ALAMIAH
KOMPONEN SISTEM
a. Sumber (Collection Works)

- Air hujan (rain water)

- Air permukaan (surface water)
- Air tanah (ground water)

b. Transmissi

• Air baku
• Air bersih

c. Distribusi (distribution work)

 KUALITAS AIR

Is the 1 % usable water quality suitable for direct use?

Surface water is mostly contaminated and not suitable for direct
usage. Surface water has open surfaces, consequently it is subjected to
direct pollution from natural and human activities.

Ground water is usually suitable for direct usage since it is naturally

protected by the geological formations of earth. However,
contamination may reach groundwater. In this case it should be
purified before usage.
KRITERIA SUMBER AIR dilihat dari SEGI KUALITAS

a. Sumber yang bebas dari pengotor (pollution)

b. Sumber yang telah mengalami pemurnian alamiah (natural

purification)

c. Sumber yang mendapatkan proteksi dengan pengolahan

buatan (artificial treatment)
AIR TIDAK DAPAT DIKONSUMSI
Disebabkan adanya :

Floating objects (Screening)

Algae (Straining or Fine Screen)
Excessive Fe, Mn or Hardness (Precipitation)
Suspended Solids (Sedimentation)
Dissolved gases (Aeration)
Taste, Odor or Color (Adsorption or Aeration)
Organic or bacteriological pollution (Disinfection)
Extracted from Prof C Visvanathan’s lecture notes
Water Pollution is defined as:
The presence of impurities in water in such quantity and of such
nature as to impair the use of the water for a stated purpose.

Pollution = pure water + impurities

• Notice that pure water “ H2O” does not exist on earth.
• Water vapor can be considered as pure water.

However, when it rains and runs over the earth surface or

through the ground layers many impurities dissolve or stick to
it.
WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment is defined as:

The process of reduction or removal of impurities from water to acceptable
concentrations suitable for a stated usage.

Types of Impurities in water

• Dissolved solids (organic and inorganic)

• Suspended solids (organic and inorganic)

Settleable
Non settleable

• Colloidal solids (organic and inorganic)

WATER TREATMENT METHODS

Each type of the mentioned solids requires special method

to be reduced or removed from water

Water Purification " Treatment " Methods are classified

into three main categories:

• Physical methods
• Chemical methods
• Biological Methods
 Gases
Floating
Physical Liquids
Settleable Easy to remove
Solids
Colloidal

Organnic
Pollution/ Chemical
Dissolved
Impurities
Inorganic

Pathogenic

Biological

Nonpathogenic
WATER TREATMENT METHODS

Physical Methods Chemical methods

• Sedimentation • Coagulation
• Filtration • Softening
• Flocculation • Chemical precipitations
• Adsorption • Disinfection with chlorine and Ozone
• Air stripping • Oxidation reduction reactions
• Aeration • Desalination using Electodialysis.
• Reverse Osmoses desalination “ RO” • Ionic Exchange

Biological Methods
Denitrification “nitrate removal“ using biological reactors.
 FACTORS CHEMICAL FORMULA
Turbidity - lines, process equipment,
Calcium and Magnesium salts
Hardness expressed as CaCO3
bicarbonate(HCO3-),
carbonate CO2-) and
hydroxide(OH-),
Alkalinity expressed as CaCO3
DIFFICULTY CAUSED MEANS OF
TREATMENT
Imparts unsightly appearance to
water; deposits in water
Coagulation, Settling,
and Filtration
etc.; interferes with most process
uses
Chief source of scale in heat
exchange equipment, boilers, pipe
Softening;
lines, etc.; forms curds
Demineralization
with soap, interferes with
dyeing, etc.
Foam and carryover of solids Lime and lime-soda
with steam; embrittlement of Softening; Acid
boiler steel; and carbonate treatment;
produce CO2 in steam, a source of
Demineralization
corrosion in condensate lines
dealkalization by
Anion Exchange
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTIC
a. Physical characteristics:
• Turbidity
• Color
• Taste and odor
• Temperature

b. Chemical characteristics:
Many dissolved chemicals exist in water and many of them are of concern such as:
Chloride, fluorides, Iron, lead, manganese, sodium, sulfate, zinc, toxic inorganic
substances, toxic organic substances,

c. Microbiological characteristic:
Pathogens: viruses bacteria protozoa helminthes (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, warms)
Most Common Water Treatment

Water Treatment can be classified as:

A) Simple disinfection: (Ground water )

It is a direct pumping and chlorine injection. Used to treat high quality
water.

B) Filtration : (surface water)

• Removes: color, turbidity, taste, odor, and bacteria
• if the source water has better quality with lower solids, flocculation and
sedimentation can be omitted, this modification is called direct filtration.

C) Softening : (ground water)

Simple disinfection (1)
Simple disinfection (2)
Filtration
Direct Filtration
Softening Treatment
Single stage softening
PERTEMUAN 3. COAGULATION and FLOCULATION
(Koagulasi dan Flokulasi)
Coagulation and flocculation are two consecutive process (i.e. occur
one after the other) that are used to remove colloidal particles from
water.

Colloids are very small particles (turbidity and color causing

particles) that can not be removed neither by sedimentation (due
to their light weight) nor by filtration.

Examples of colloids: soil particles, bacteria, viruses and color causing

materials. These colloids are stable in solution and theoretically will stay
there for ever unless an action is done to destabilize them.

Coagulation and flocculation are the two processes used for this
destabilization.
 PARTIKEL-PARTIKEL KOLOID pada KOAGULASI

PARTIKEL KOLOID UKURAN

Clay Colloid μ
Organic Colloids mμ
Bacteria μ
Virus mμ – 10 mμ
Algae μ – 10 μ
 Destabilisasi atau eliminasi stabilitas partikel dalam
suspensi dengan menetralisir muatan dengan suatu
electrolit atau dehydratasi dengan garam atau koagulasi &
floktuasi.
KONSEP
PROSES
KOAGULASI

Penambahan absorbance sebagai usaha utk

meningkatkan daya atraksi inter molekuler (van der
wals-force), guna mendapatkan aglomerasi yg kuat.
Double layer charges and Zeta potential around a colloid
There are two major forces acting on colloids:

1) Electrostatic repulsion negative colloids repel

other negatively charged colloids

2) Intermolecular, or van der Waals, attraction.

Illustrates these two main forces.

For a stable colloid the net energy is repulsive

A stable suspension of particles where forces of repulsion
exceed the forces of attraction
 KOAGULASI FLOKULASI

The chemicals added to water to destabilize colloids are called Coagulants. The most common
Coagulants used in water treatment are:
• Aluminum Sulfate (Alum): Al2(SO4)3×14H2O
• Ferric Chloride : FeCl3 × xH2O
• Ferric sulfate : Fe2(SO4)3 × xH2O

Two key properties of Coagulants

• Should be nontoxic: health concern
• Trivalent ions: most efficient compared to mono and divalent.
Factors affecting Coagulation
The two main factors affecting the coagulation process are:

• Coagulant dosage
• pH of the water

The optimum dosage and optimum pH are determined by laboratory test

called the Jar Test. the Jar test consists of six beakers filled with the water to
be treated and then each is mixed and flocculated uniformly. A test is often
conducted by first dosing each jar with the same value of coagulant and
varying the pH of each jar. The test can then be repeated by holding the pH
constant and varying the coagulant dosage
Optimum pH: 5.5 to 6.5
Operating pH: 5 to 8
JAR TEST
FLOKULATOR
KOAGULASI dan FLOKULASI
PERTEMUAN 4. WATER SOFTENING
(Pelunakan Air)
 Hardness is the term often used to characterize a water that :

Dose form a foam or lather well and cause soap

HARDNESS scum

Ca2+ + (Soap)  Ca(Soap)2 (s)

This increase the amount of soap needed for

washing:
 cause scaling on pipes and hot boilers.
 cause valves to stick due to the formation of calcium
carbonate crystals
 leave stains on plumbing fixtures
HARDNESS

Hardness is defined as the sum of the divalent metal

cations (in consistent units) existing in water such as :
Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+

Practically most hardness is due to Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ions (the

predominant minerals in natural waters)

Total Hardness = Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ where the

concentration of each ion is in consistent units such as
mg/L as CaCO3, or meq/L.
HARD WATER CLASSIFICATION

Description Hardness Range (mg/L as CaCO3 )

Soft 0 – 75
Moderately Hard 75 – 100
Hard 100 – 300
Very Hard > 300
FORMATION OF HARDNESS
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF DRINKING WATER
SOFT vs HARD WATER
ION EXCHANGER
LIME/SODA SOFTENING PROCESS
PROCESS SEQUENCE
RECARBONATION
DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION……

Generally the disinfection is done by adding chlorine to water.

Some of the methods of Disinfection

1. Boiling Water
2. Treatment with excess lime
3. Use of ozone
4. Treatment with ultraviolet rays
5. Use of potassium permanganate
6. Treatment with silver
7. Use of bromine, iodine and chlorine