EARTHQUAke…

 Earthquakes
Earthquakes are
are caused
caused by
by faulting,
faulting, a
a sudden
sudden lateral
lateral or
or vertical
movement of rock along
vertical movement a rupture
of rock (break) (break)
along a rupture surface. surface.

INTRODUCTION:
 There are about 20 plates along the surface of the earth that move
continuously and slowly past each other - plate tectonics
 Since they are all moving they rub against each other in some places (like
the San Andreas Fault in California), sink beneath each other in others
(like the Peru-Chile Trench along the western border of South America),
or spread apart from each other (like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
 At such places the motion isn't smooth--the plates are stuck together at
the edges but the rest of each plate is continuing to move, so the rocks
along the edges are distorted (what we call "strain").
 As the motion continues, the strain builds up to the point where the rock
cannot withstand any more bending. With a lurch, the rock breaks and the
two sides move. An earthquake is the shaking that radiates out from the
breaking rock.

What cause earthquakes?

An earthquake begins when the plates push against earth other and
the pressure builds.
Cracks start to appear in walls and roads. The ground may shiver
(tremor).
Where the rocks snap seismic waves (body waves) make the ground
move.
First ones ( primary ) travel through rock, volcanic lava, water and
even air. They take about 20 minutes to go from one side of the earth
to the other.
The next waves (secondary) move only through solid rock.
Body waves that reach the surface make the ground move like waves
on the ocean. These are the most deadly.
The quake starts with a violent jolt at the epicenter followed by more
tremors. Aftershocks may occur as everything is setting into a new
position.

ORIGIN OF EARTHQUAKES:
 CAUSES
CAUSES

NON-TECTONIC FORCES TECTONIC FORCES

NON-TECTONIC FORCES TECTONIC FORCES

HUMAN
HUMAN LOCAL
LOCAL
NUCLEAR
NUCLEAR
EXTRA
EXTRA
VOLCANOS
VOLCANOS
EXPLOSION TERRESTRIAL/ME
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES SHAKES
SHAKES
EXPLOSION
THEORY
TERRESTRIAL/ME
TEOR THEORY
THEORY TEOR THEORY
PLATE TECTONICS
PLATE TECTONICS

CAUSES:
 Earthquakes occur from the deformation of outer, brittle portions
of "tectonic plates", the earth's outermost layer of crust and
upper mantle.
 Due to the heating and cooling of the rock below these plates, the
resulting convection causes the adjacently overlying plates to
move, and, under great stresses, deform.
 The rates of plate movements range from about 2 to 12
centimeters per year.
 Sometimes, tremendous energy can build up within a single, or
between neighboring plates. If the accumulated stress exceeds
the strength of the rocks making up these brittle zones, the rocks
can break suddenly, releasing the stored energy as an
earthquake.

PLATE TECTONICS:
 PLATE TECTONICS

EXTEN COMPRE TRANS

SIONAL SSIONAL FORM

 EXTENSIONAL-(CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN)

 COMPRESSIONAL-(DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN)
 TRANSFORM-(CONSERVATIVE PLATE MARGIN)
 Plate boundaries in different localities are subject to different inter-plate
stresses, producing these three types of earthquakes. Each type has its own
special hazards.

PLATE TECTONICS:
 Fault is a fracture in the rocks of the earth’s crust where compressional or
tensional forces cause the rocks on the opposite side of the fracture to be
displaced relative to each other. Faults range in length from a few inches
to hundreds of miles.

NORMAL FAULT

REVERSE FAULT

STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULT

FAULTS:
 The Nuclear Explosion Theory

 On a larger scale an explosion can cause the earth to

shake for a considerable distance.
 Scientists use seismographs to monitor nuclear tests.
 People in Las Vegas could feel the shaking caused by
underground nuclear tests in the desert miles away.
 The government analyzes the shock waves (earthquakes)
produced by nuclear explosions to study the effects of
nuclear tests and to monitor tests elsewhere in the world.

NON-TECTONIC CAUSES:
The Extraterrestrial, or Meteor, Theory:

Every day tiny meteors hit the earth, as we move through space. The vast
majority of them burn up in the atmosphere, leaving no more trace than a
shooting star across the sky.
Once in a while, a meteorite will reach the surface of the earth.
Very rarely a great meteorite will hit, causing the ground to shake and
creating a large crater.
The Meteor Crater in Arizona is an excellent example of this type of crater.
The earth also has been struck many times over its history.
Erosion by wind and rain wear down the craters so we can't see most of
them anymore.
Scientists studying the earth have found traces of many meteor impacts
around the world.
Each impact creates an earthquake.

NON-TECTONIC CAUSES:
Volcanoes :
 Volcanic activity is considered to be one of the major causes
of earthquake.
 Earthquakes are one of the indicators of increased volcanic
activity leading up to an eruption.
 The explosive violent gases during the process of volcanicity,
try to escape upward & hence they push the crustal surface
from below with great force & thus cause severe earth tremor
of high magnitude.
 This causes bulges in the ground and a flurry of
earthquakes.

NON-TECTONIC CAUSES:
HUMAN ACTIVITIES:
Human activities can also be the direct or indirect cause of significant
earthquake.
Injecting fluid into deep wells for waste disposal, filling reservoirs with water,
and firing underground nuclear test blasts can, in limited circumstances, lead
to earthquakes.
These activities increase the strain within the rock near the location of the
activity so that rock slips and slides along pre-existing faults more easily.
ADVANTAGES:
While earthquakes caused by human activities may be harmful, they can also
provide useful information.
Prior to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, scientists were able to analyze the
travel and arrival times of P waves from known earthquakes caused by
underground nuclear test blasts.
Scientists used this information to study earthquake waves and determine
the interior structure of the Earth.
Scientists have determined that as water level in a reservoir increases, water
pressure in pores inside the rocks along local faults also increases. The
increased pressure may cause the rocks to slip, generating earthquakes .
Koyna earthquake is a good evidence of reservoir-induced earthquakes in
India
NON-TECTONIC CAUSES:
FLOW CHART:
 A tsunami is a large ocean
wave usually caused by an
underwater earthquake or a
volcanic explosion.
 Tsunamis are NOT tidal
waves. (Tidal waves are
caused by the forces of the
moon, sun, and planets
upon the tides, as well as
the wind as it moves over
the water.)
 With typical waves, water
flows in circles, but with a
tsunami, water flows
straight. This is why
tsunamis cause so much
damage!

TSUNAMI:
 While normal waves on the
beach might come in every half
minute or so, a tsunami's waves
will be separated by many
minutes or hours.
 Not only crests of the waves very
high but the troughs between the
waves will be very low.
 Usually as the tsunami comes
onshore, the wave trough arrives
first, causing the sea level to
drop, exposing the seabed.
 Soon however, the crest arrives,
flooding coastal areas.

TSUNAMI:
 Underwater earthquakes, volcanoes,
or landslides can produce a tsunami
or tidal wave.
 This wave can travel very rapidly
thousands of miles across the
ocean.
 In deep water the tsunami may only
raise the ocean level by a few
inches, hardly enough to notice.
 But as it approaches land, the
shallower water causes the wave to
build in height to as much as 50
feet or more and suddenly flood
coastal areas.
 Tsunamis carry a lot of energy and
when they hit the coast strong
currents can cause massive erosion
of the coastline as well as tearing
apart buildings it encounters.
 Typically a tsunami will last for a
period of hours with successive
waves drastically lowering and
raising the sea level.
CAUSE FOR TSUNAMI:
 Fires often break out following earthquakes.
 They can be caused by flammable materials being thrown into a
cooking or heating fire or broken gas lines.
 Fires can easily get out of control since the earthquake may have
broken water mains or blocked roads firefighters need to use.
 There are many demands made on the emergency response
systems that slow down response to fires.
 In the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake , for example, the fire that
followed the quake caused more damage than the earthquake
itself.

FIRE:
 Building Collapse
 People can be trapped in collapsed buildings or
under rubble that collapses into the street. This is
the type of damage that leads to the worst
casualties.
 In the 1964 Alaska quake, a huge concrete facade
fell off of a department store onto pedestrians
passing by.
 Buildings are often damaged during earthquakes,
particularly if they are constructed with brick ,
mud or timber. Cracks in the walls, falling of
plaster or total collapse of the buildings is
witnessed. Projecting cornices, balconies, towers
and arcades render the building more vulnerable.
 Buildings knocked off their foundation
 Buildings that can otherwise withstand the quake
can be knocked off their foundations and severely
damaged. This type of damage can be largely
prevented by bolting the frame securely to the
foundation, so it will remain in place.

VIBRATIONS:
 A great earthquake often leaves
visible marks in the topography
in the form of upheavals (rising
of the ground surface) and
subsidence (sinking of the
ground surface).
 Big rocks on steep hill slopes
are often loosened by a large
earthquake causing landslides.
 New springs may emerge or old
springs may get closed.
 Some earthquake cause
cracking or fissures on the
surface of ground.
 A landslide into a lake or
reservoir can cause flooding
downstream. This kind of
damage is not unique to
earthquakes, but can be
triggered by a quake.

LANDSLIDES:
 Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and
stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other
rapid loading.
 Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which
the space between individual particles is completely filled
with water.
 This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles forcing
them to move .
 When liquefaction occurs, the strength of the soil decreases
and, the ability of a soil deposit to support foundations for
buildings and bridges is reduced.
 Ground movement can change the whole landscape, as
in the New Madrid Quake that changed the course of the
Mississippi River.

LIQUEFACTION:
It includes railways, roadways, bridges,
pipelines etc.
Damage to superstructures, substructures
and approach portions of the bridges is
caused as a result of an earthquake.
Deformation and cracking of tunnel linings
is caused by displacement and settlement
of debris due to ground shaking.
Changes in the alignment of tracks have a
severe effect on railway transportation.
Damage is caused to the pipe systems in
which there may be disconnection of joints,
breaking of valves and buckling of pipes.
Roads are often blocked due to falling
debris .

LIFELINES:
Homelessness
Disease
Widespread hunger
Poverty
Depression

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES:
 The major economic consequences of earthquakes result from
damage to elements of the built environment that are essential to
the operation.
 Factors that will cause businesses to lose include
--the direct damage they entail to their facilities
because of their location in the area that was stricken.
--their dependency on damaged or destroyed support
systems of transport and communication for workers, customers,
supplies, shipments, water, electricity, gas, telephone, and other
services.
 Businesses that may benefit are ones for which there is an
increased demand for their products or services for relief, clearing
and removing debris, repair and restoration, and reconstruction.
 Whether or not a business loses will be greatly influenced in
addition to its sector, by the extent to which the managers have
planned, taken precautionary preparations, and necessary
measures to mitigate the impact of a seismic event.

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES:
SumatraEarthquake
and
Tsunami…

CASE STUDY:
 Was the largest earthquake in
the world.
 It struck on December 26,2004
at 6:58 AM local time (00:58
GMT).
 The epicenter was
 -255 km (160 miles) SE of
Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia
 -315 km (195 miles) W of
Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia
 -1260 km(790 miles) SW of
BANGKOK, Thailand
 -1590 km(990 miles) NW of
JAKARTA, Java, Indonesia.

DETAILS:
People reported seeing the ocean pull back, exposing the sea floor
and then return as a swift rise in the sea level, like an extremely high
tide, inundating villages near the coast.
The wave then pulled back, sucking houses, trees,
people...everything in its path out to sea.
These waves have a long period, so there are many minutes until the
next wave hits.
The process is similar to the ripples formed when a stone is thrown into
water.
Each successive wave carries more debris, causing more damage.
The zone of damage extends up to 2 miles inland along the entire
coast.
Most buildings in this zone are severely damaged or destroyed, with
a thick layer of mud covering everything.
Food, water, electricity, and housing are all non existent or in short
supply.

REPORT :
 In this case, according to USA Today,
a section of seafloor 745 miles long
was raised 100 feet by the quake.
This sudden movement displaced a
massive amount of water, which
fanned out from the epicenter. This
wave moved at 500 miles an hour
across the Bay of Bengal, the Indian
Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
 The devastating mega thrust
earthquake occurred on the interface
of the India and Burma plates and
was caused by the release of
stresses that develop as the India
plate subducts beneath the
overriding Burma plate.
 The India plate begins its descent
into the mantle at the Sunda trench
which lies to the west of the
earthquake's epicenter.

UNFOLDING EARTHQUAKE:
 Casualties were very high, with over
227,898 dead, especially from the tsunami
generated by the earthquake.
 The tsunami, reported as 15 - 20 feet
high, fanned out over the Indian Ocean
causing severe and sudden flooding in Sri
Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia and other
areas.
 Over a million people have been reported as
homeless in Sri Lanka alone, at least 5
million were left without the basic necessities
of life.
 Over 100,000 are reported dead in Indonesia.
 This tsunami was one of the largest ever in
terms of casualties because it hit in heavily
populated low lying coastal areas that
were not well prepared.

CASUALITIES:
 The lack of a warning system meant that most people
were caught by surprise.
 It has been a long time since there has been a tsunami in
this region. Unlike the Pacific Ocean, which has a well
developed warning system, the Indian Ocean has no way
to warn of an impending tsunami.
 Scientists knew as soon as the quake happened that it
posed a danger of tsunami, but there was no way to get
the word to the coastal areas in time.
 There were only a few minutes to a couple of hours
between the quake and the tsunami. Communications
were not up to the task.

FAILURE:
 The tsunami hit 14 different countries, with
severe damage in four (Indonesia,
Thailand, India and Sri Lanka), spread out
over thousands of miles.
 India reported that they had sufficient
resources to provide needed aid in their
own country and send some to Sri Lanka as
well.
 Sri Lanka has a long coastline that
suffered badly needs assistance, but with
the interior undamaged can mobilize fairly
well to receive and distribute aid.
 Indonesia is much worse off. They have to
cope with quake damage and tsunami
damage, as well as a less well developed
infrastructure that make communications
and travel difficult.
 There are shortages of petrol and
machinery, such as forklifts that would
make the relief effort easier.

AFFECTED REGIONS:
There have been many powerful aftershocks along the
whole 745 mile fault that was affected, notably in the
Andaman and Nicobar islands.
Three months after the initial quake, aftershocks over
magnitude 5 occur every few days along the fault line.
DIFFICULTIES:
The scope of the disaster made it difficult to even bury
the dead.
The World Health Organization has warned of danger of
disease outbreaks that could kill thousands more.
They say that dead bodies do not pose a threat, although
they are unpleasant, but contaminated water supplies .
There have already been reports of outbreaks of diarrhea.
Sanitation was already precarious in some of these areas.

AFTERSHOCKS:
 EARTHQUAKE
 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES
 TECTONIC
 NON-TECTONIC
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
 LANDSLIDES
 COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS
 LIQUEFACTION
 FIRE
 TSUNAMI
 LIFELINES
 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
 CASE STUDY - (Sumatra earthquake & tsunami)

SUMMARY:
THANKYOU…