Human

Anatomy & Physiology

 Intended Learning
Outcomes
• After the session,the student should be
able to:
1) Understand the overview of human
anatomy & physiology
2) Understand the level of structural
organization.
3) Explain the principles in maintaining
life.
4) Explain the principles of homeostasis.
 Definition
• Anatomy-Greek • Physiology –
word,”ana”(apart) ”physio” (nature)
& “tomy” (to cut) & “logy” (study of)
• Study of • Study of how the
structure & shape body & its parts
of the body & works or function
body parts & their
relationship with
one another.
Levels of Structural Organization
1)Atoms-tiny building 4) Organ – structure
blocks of matter which composed of 2
-forms molecules or more tissues
(water,sugar & performing specific
proteins) functions
2)Cells – smallest unit 5) Organ-system –
of all living things group of organs that
- combination of cooperate to
molecules accomplish common
purpose
3)Tissues – groups of
similar cells with 6) Organism- highest
same functions level
- combination of
organ system
Levels of Organization
 Organ System Overview
• Integumentary-skin • Nervous-fast acting
/external covering control system
• Skeletal – bones, - brain,spinal cord’
joints,cartilages & nerves & sensory
ligaments receptors
- body support • Endocrine-slow acting
/framework causing control system
movement - produces hormones
• Muscular – “machines • Cardiovascular –heart
of the body blood vessels, blood
- skeletal muscles -carries oxygen,
provides mobility nutrients,hormones &
others to & from
tissue cells
 Organ System Overview
• Digestive-oral
• Lymphatics – cavity,esophagus,sto
lymphatic vessels, mach ,small & large
lymph nodes & intestines
lymphoid organs
-break down food &
-complementary of deliver products to
cardiovascular system blood for dispersal to
• Respiratory – nasal body cells
passages,pharynx,lar • Urinary – removes
ynx ,trachea,bronchi nitrogen containing
& lungs wastes &flushes out
- supplies oxygen & as urine
removes carbon • Reproductive -
dioxide production of
offspring ( male /
female)
 Maintaining Life

• Maintaining Boundaries – The

“inside’ remains distinct from
“outside” ( cells-organ-system)
-enclosed by the skin
• Movement-activities promoted by
muscular system aided by skeletal
system ( walking)
-blood,food & urine propelled
through the internal organs of the
different systems
 Maintaining Life

• Responsiveness (irritability)- ability to sense

changes (stimuli) in the environment & then
react to them
• Digestion – process of breakingdown ingested
food to simple molecules absorbed by the blood
for delivery in all body cells
• Metabolism – chemical reactions that occur
within the body cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – energy obtained
from breakdown of nutrients
- “energy currency”
 Maintaining Life
• Metabolism
1) Catabolism –complex substances broken down
into simpler compounds,yields simple chemical
building blocks & energy to power cell activities
2) Anabolism – simple compounds used to
manufacture materials needed for
growth,function
& repair of cells
(building phase)
Fluid Balance
Distribution of Body Fluids
Fluid Balance
 Survival Needs

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water

Body Temperature

Athmospheric Pressure
 Homeostasis
• “homeo” – the same
• “stasis” – standing still
• Dynamic state of equilibrium or a
balance in which internal conditions
change & vary but always within
relatively narrow limits
• Body in homeostasis when its need
adequately met & functioning smoothly
 Homeostasis
• Communication in the body
accomplished nervous & endocrine
systems
• Control mechanism- Control center,
receptor & effector
• Receptor-type of sensors that
monitors & responds to changes in
the environment ( stimuli)
 Homeostasis
• Control center- determines set
point at which variable maintained,
analyzes information & provides
appropriate response
• Effector –means for control center
response
- response either depressing
(negative feedback) or enhancing
(positive feedback) to the stimulus
 Feedback Mechanism
• Negative – majority of
homeostatic control
mechanism
- Net effect of
response to stimulus is
to shut off original one
or reduce intensity
• Positive- increase
original stimulus & push
the variable from its
original value
 Questions for Review

• Define 2 study of human body

• Describe levels of organization
from simple to complex
• Identify Body systems & explain
functions
• Define 2 phases of metabolism
• Define homeostasis & explain 2
examples
 Summary
• Definition of • Principles of
Anatomy & maintaining life
Physiology • Needs for
• Levels of survival
structural • Homeostasis
organization • Feed back
• Organ systems mechanism
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