Chemical Equilibrium

- is the condition which occurs when

the concentration of reactants and
products participating in a chemical
reaction exhibit no net change over
time.
- may also be called a "steady state
reaction." This does not mean that
the chemical reaction has
necessarily stopped occurring, but
that the consumption and formation
of substances have reached a
balanced condition.
Dynamic Equilibrium
- a chemical equilibrium between
a forward reaction and the
reverse reaction where the rate
of the reactions are equal.
 At this point, the ratio between
reactants and products remains
unchanged over time.
For elementary reaction, the equilibrium
constant may be expressed in terms of the
rate constant.
For the reaction:
A ⇌ B The equilibrium constant K is:
K = [B]eq / [A]eq
Writing the Equilibrium
Expression
The equilibrium expression for a
chemical reaction may be expressed in
terms of the concentration of the
products and reactants.
Equilibrium expression :
Only chemical species in the
aqueous and gaseous phases
 because the concentrations
of liquids and solids does not
change.
For the chemical reaction:

aA + bB → cC + Dd
The equilibrium expression is
K = ([C] [D] ) / ([A] [B] )
c d a b
WHERE:

 K is the equilibrium constant

 [A], [B], [C], [D] etc. are
the molar concentrations of
A, B, C, D etc.
 a, b, c, d, etc. are coefficients in
a balanced chemical equation
 Factors That Affect
Chemical Equilibrium
• Adding reactant or product or a change
in concentration affects equilibrium.
Adding reactant can drive equilibrium to
the right in a chemical equation, where
more product forms. Adding product
can drive equilibrium to the left, as more
reactant forms.
• Changing the temperature alters
equilibrium. Increasing temperature
always shifts chemical equilibrium in
the direction of the endothermic
reaction. Decreasing temperature
always shifts equilibrium in the
direction of the exothermic reaction.
• Changing the pressure affects
equilibrium. For example, decreasing
the volume of a gas system increases
its pressure, which increases the
concentration of both reactants and
products. The net reaction will see to
lower the concentration of gas
molecules.
 CHEMICAL DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM
Definition The state In The state which both
which both reactants and
reactants and products are present
products are in concentrations
present in which have no
concentrations further tendency to
which have no change with time,
further tendency but the substances
to change with are on movement
time
Movement of No movement of Substances are
components substances on movement
Reaction The reaction The reaction
termination stops after does not stop
obtaining the after obtaining
equilibrium the equilibrium
Reaction No reaction rate The reaction
rate after obtaining continues but the
the equilibrium amount of reactants
because the and products remain
reaction has unchanged because
stopped the rates of the
forward and the
backward reactions
are the same.