THE BACKDROP ON

RIZAL’S TIME
 Objectives

• Describe the significant world events in the 19 th century

and their impact to the Phil.-Hispanic society
• Identify the philosophical and political thinkers and
their respective theories about the universe, society
and human beings
• Define ideals and ideologies in relation to international
and national development and movement
 •THEWORLD IS BUT A STAGE
AND ALL MEN MERELY PLAYERS

William Shakespeare
POLITICS in the
17 -19 Century
th th
• DIVINE RIGHT THEORY - A THEORY THAT WAS
THE BASIS OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN
EUROPE AND IN ASIA.

• EMPERORS, KINGS, AND QUEENS ANCHORED

THEIR RIGHT TO RULE ON AUTHORITY CLAIMED
TO BE DIRECTLY EMANATING FROM G0D
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
AGE OF REASON
Proponents who challenged conventions
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• Francois Marie Arouet or Voltaire (1694-1778)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau ((1712-1778)
• G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831)
• Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
• Mikhail Bakunin (1814 – 1876)
• Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
• Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
 John Locke
● English philosopher
● founder of empiricism, a school of
philosophy based on the belief that
knowledge comes from everyday
experience, scientific observation, and
common sense, rather than from the
application of reason alone.
● His Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1690) portrays each
individual as a blank slate.
 Voltaire
• The French writer and philosopher
• the central figure of the Age of Enlightenment
of the 1700s, a period which emphasized the
power of human reason, science, and respect
for humanity.
• Voltaire believed that literature should serve as
a vehicle for social change.
• His biting satires and philosophical writings
demonstrated his aversion to Christianity,
intolerance, and tyranny.
 Jean Jacques Rousseau
• One of the most influential
Enlightenment thinkers
• French philosopher
• He argued that individual freedom is
more important than state institutions.
• His political writings helped inspire the
French Revolution (1789-1799).
• He also wrote eloquently on education,
arguing that children learn best by
interacting freely with their environment.
 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
• Locke and Rousseau espoused the theory that God has
endowed man with natural rights such as right to life,
liberty and property; and by entering into a social
contract, man formed a civil society to protect his rights.
• PEOPLE HAVE THE OBLIGATION TO SUPPORT THEIR
RULERS.
• government= oppressive and arbitrary, it is the right of
the people to overthrow despotic rulers
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• German philosopher
• He proposed that truth is reached by a continuing
dialectic, in which a concept (thesis) always gives rise to
its opposite (antithesis), and the interaction between these
two leads to the creation of a new concept (synthesis).
• He employed this dialectical method in such works as The
Phenomenology of Mind (1807) to explain history and the
evolution of ideas.
 Charles Darwin
• Charles Darwin=theory of evolution.
• Darwin’s theory holds that environmental
effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive
success in individuals and groups of
organisms. Natural selection tends to promote
adaptation in organisms when necessary for
survival.
• This revolutionary theory was published in 1859
in Darwin’s now famous treatise On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
 Karl Marx
• Karl Marx, along with Friedrich
Engels, defined communism.
• Their most famous work was the
Communist Manifesto (1848), in which
they argued that the working class
should rebel and build a Communist
society.
 Friedrich Engels
• Friedrich Engels, a German revolutionary
political economist
• worked with fellow German revolutionary, Karl
Marx= defined communism.
• Engels and Marx completed their famous
treatise on the collapse of capitalism and rise of
communism, The Communist Manifesto, in 1848,
and in 1870 helped found the First International,
an international Socialist organization.
 Theory of Marx and Hegel

As progress takes place, conflicts are inevitable and

advancement in leaps and bounds, surging forward.
 Mikhail Bakunin
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814 -
1876)
• born in Premukhino, Russia on 30th May,
1814
• Mikhail Bakunin was one of the
intellectual founding fathers of
Anarchism
• believed that society must be organized
from the bottom upwards by
spontaneous cooperation or association
EUROPE in the
19 CENTURY
TH
 Queen Victoria
Queen of the United Kingdom and Ireland (1837-1901),
Empress of India (1876-1901)

• Victoria was known as the:

• “Grandmother of Europe” because many of her
children and grandchildren married into the royal
families of other European countries.
• longest of any monarch in British history.
• Victorian era. Architecture and design of this era
exhibit an eclectic style, incorporating various older
elements with newer techniques and materials.
• England was the leading world power
• 1863 – 1893: France had control over Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos
• Russia conquered Siberia, Camcharka, Kuriles and
Alaska
• America forcibly opened Japan to the Western World
• Japan joined the international game of imperialism
• IMPERIALISM - practice by which powerful nations or
peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence
over weaker nations or peoples.
• Japan grabbed Formosa (Taiwan)
• Germany proclaimed sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus
◦ THIS RESULT TO ANGERING OF SPAIN THAT CLAIMED
TERRITORIAL POWERS OVER THE ISLANDS.

POPE LEO XIII – SETTLED THE CONFLICT BETWEEN JAPAN AND

GERMANY THROUGH A COMPROMISE

the compromise demonstrated the very strong influence of

the Church over powerful countries.
• 1843 – POPE ALEXANDER VI assigned half of the world’s
hemisphere to Spain and the other half to Portugal for
colonizations
• Spain lost its territories in the early 19th century (South
America - Chile, Paraguay, Argentina, Colombia and
Ecuador- 1811 – 1819)
• Despite loses, Spain continued its despotic rule over the
remaining territories, Africa, Cuba, Puerto Rico and
Philippines
• 1898 – mock battle was fought between the US and Spain
• The Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898, and
ratified by the U.S. Senate on February 6, 1899, ended the
Spanish-American War.
• In this Treaty, Spain was paid by the USA 20,000,000
dollars as reimbursement of its investment in developing
the Phil.
• Spanish colonizers were replaced by the Americans
 The Archbishop was only the most powerful in the
church. However, it seemed that the church exercised
more power than the government and because of this;
the government in the Philippines was called
"Frailocracia," a government controlled by the friars.
RELIGION during the
EARLY CENTURY
REFORMATION AND COUNTER REFORMATION

• 16th Century
• REFORMATION – religious movement against
abuses in the Roman Catholic church.
• Very much influenced by economic and political factors

By the end of the Middle Ages, Reformation convinced many

that the Church needed reform.
(HUMANISM AND RENAISSANCE)
• The movement was a reaction of the jurists
and princesses against the encroachments
of the papacy into different institutions,
other worldly concerns, and the growing
wealth of the clergy.
 Martin Luther
• German Augustinian monk who
spearheaded the Reformation
movement.
• A religious reformer, who initiated the
Protestant Reformation, and whose
vast influence, extending beyond
religion to politics, economics,
education, and language
• The growing popularity of Protestantism was
countered by the Catholic Church
• COUNTER REFORMATION was organized
• Inquisition expanded its activities
• COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563) – to legislate
moral reforms among the clergy
 Council of Trent
The Council of Trent, the 19th
ecumenical council of the
Roman Catholic Church, was
held from 1545 to 1563 in the
town of Trent in northern Italy.
Convoked by Pope Paul III, the
council responded to the
Protestant Reformation and
defined the dogmas of the
church
 JESUITS –Society of Jesus
• under the leadership of St. Ignatius Loyola
• consisted of highly educated men dedicated to a renewal
of piety through preaching, catechetical instruction.
• backbone of the Catholic Reformation greatest teachers
th
in Europe in the 17 century
• influential power in the Council of Trent
 Religious Alternatives
• ASCETISM
• DEISM
• FREEMASONRY
• HUMANISM
• HUMANITARIANISM
• INDIVIDUALISM
• PANTHEISM
 ASCETISM
• A way of life where believers abandon worldly
pursuits in preparation for life after death

DEISM

• God is best served by people serving other

people justly
FREEMASONRY
• Originally conceived to be an international, non
religious, non-political fraternity.
• Considered as an alternative religion

HUMANISM
• Geared toward the total development of man
HUMANITARIANISM
• Advocates respect and protection of basic human
rights

INDIVIDUALISM
• A precept which opens avenues for fulfilment
of ambitions, talents and expressions of self
and individuality,
PANTHEISM
• Belief or theory that God and universe are identical
• Worship of nature
RELIGION IN the PHILIPPINES
during PRE-Hispanic &
Hispanic Time
 Religion in the Philippines
• 90% of the people = Christian faith
• Catholics, Iglesia ni Cristo, Aglipayans,
Protestants
• 5% = Muslims
• Buddhist, Hindus, Agnostic, and Animist
 Ancient Indigenous Belief
• Pre- colonial times = a form of animism was widely practiced in the
Philippines.
• Present time = mostly Catholic and Christian

• Only a handful of the indigenous tribes continue to practice old

traditions
• Beliefs, and cultural mores anchored more or less in the idea that
the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both
good and bad, and that respect be accorded to them through nature
worship.
• diwatas ( has cultural relationship with Hinduism (Devatas)
 Ancient Indigenous Belief

• Some worship specific deities

• Tagalog supreme deity - Bathala and his children Adlaw,
Mayari, and Tala
• Visayan deity Kan-Laon
• Others practice Ancestor worship (anitos)

Magic, chants and prayers are often the key features of these beliefs.
 Ancient Indigenous Belief

• Practitioners were highly respected (and some feared)

in the community.
• healers, midwives (hilot), shamans, witches and warlocks
(mangkukulam), priests/priestesses (babaylan/
katalonan), tribal historians and wizened elders
• provided the spiritual and traditional life of the
community.
 Ancient Indigenous Belief

• Visayas Region
• Shamanistic and animalistic beliefs in witchcraft
(barang)and mythical creatures like aswang
(vampires) duwende (dwarves), and bakonawa (a
gigantic sea serpent)
 Christianity
• Arrived in the Philippines with the landing of Ferdinand
Magellan in 1521
• Late 16th century, the archipelago was claimed by Spain and
named after its king.
• Missionary activity during the country’s colonial rule by Spain
and the United States led the transformation of the Philippines
into the first predominantly Christian nation.
• Approximately, 92.5% of the population belonging to the
Christian faith.
 Catholicism
• Roman Catholicism, the predominant religion and largest Christian
denomination.
• Approximately 80% of the population belonging to this faith in the
Philippines
• Spanish style Catholicism is embedded in the culture which was
acquired from the priests or friars.
• Traditions such as Misa de Gallo, Black Nazarene procession,
Santo Nino festivals.
• Processions and fiestas are conducted during feast days of the
patron saints in various barrios or barangays.
EDUCATION in the
19 CENTURY
TH
 Secularism
• Secularism is an advocacy that religious influence should
be restricted in education, morality, politics, and
economics.
• The State must be Independent of religion.
• Secularism was a well-Founded threat exemplified by
Segismundo Moret when he ordered to transfer control of
schools to the civil government and clip some powers of
the clergy.
During the time of Rizal, or during the late 18 th to early 19 th

century

The Friars occupied the Phil.=controlled the educational

system in the Philippines and they were able to own different
schools
The teachings of the Catholic religion were emphasized to the
levels of education in the schools owned by the friars.
In the primary level, they were taught of the Christian
Doctrines, how to read Spanish books and a little of the
native’s language..
 Hispanic-Philippine Education
• Shaped by Roman Catholic and the Spanish government
• The pope occupies the highest post of the Church while
the Spanish government was headed by the king

• In the universities, Science and Mathematics were not

vey much introduced to the students. Instead of
Spanish, students were taught how to speak and
understand Latin.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• Discrimination=schools before were exclusive only for

the Spaniards. Filipinos were only able to attend
th
school in the late 19 century

• Friars hardly discriminated Filipinos =disciplinary

actions or the means of applying corporal punishment.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education
• Also, during their time, the schools for boys and
girls were separated. Schools for the boys were the
first ones that were established.

• In 1565, Augustinians built the first school in the

Philippines that was situated in Cebu.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education
• During the Spanish regime, college was already equal
to a university. The most common course was
Bachelor of Arts or Bachiller en Artes.

• In 1589, the Jesuits established the first college for

boys in Manila and it was named “Colegio de San
Ignacio.”
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• The first college school for girls was opened in 1589

and this was Colegio de Santa Pontenciana. Colegio de
Santa Isabel opened in 1632.

• The religious congregations also established schools

for the girls and it was eventually called beaterio.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• It was meant for orphaned girls who could not

afford to attend school and educate themselves.
The subjects in the beaterio taught
housekeeping, cooking, sewing and embroidery
making.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• major failure in the educational system =preventing

the Filipinos to learn other bodies of knowledge.

• They limit education to the teaching of Spanish, Latin

and Filipino language, the teaching of Religion was
also emphasized. Mathematics and Science was
absolutely neglected.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• Education under the Spanish administration was

privileged only to Spanish students. Philippine
education was only a means to remain in the
Philippines as colonizers.
 Hispanic-Philippine Education

• The educated Filipinos were called as ilustrados and

they began movements directed towards change in
the government of the Philippines. They wanted to
be the same level with the proud Spaniards.

• The growing number of ilustrados in the Philippines is

considered as one of the major effects of education by
the Spaniards in the Philippines.
Two Leading Institutions during Hispanic-
Philippine Education:

1. The Ateneo Municipal, run by Jesuits

2. The University of Santo Tomas, run by Dominicans.

• These two leading universities were shaped by colorful

history and politics between the Roman Catholic church
and the Crown of Spain.
 Jesuits and Ateneo de Manila
• Arrived in the Philippines as missionaries in 1581
• Established the 1st university in the Phil., the
University of San Ignacio in 1589.
• Expelled by Gov. Gen. Jose Raon from the Phil.
pursuant to the order of King Charles III on April 2,
1767 (liberalism and humanism)
• Abolished on July 4, 1835 by virtue of Royal decree
 Jesuits and Ateneo de Manila
• July 12, 1859 – 10 Spanish Jesuits arrived in the Phil.
• Entrusted with the Escuela Municipal – the only primary
school in Manila
• Changed to Ateneo Municipal de Manila on September 1,
1865
• Raised to the rank of secondary education
• Changed to Ateneo de Manila in 1912
• American Jesuits took over
 The Royal Pontifical University of Santo Tomas
• The oldest existing university in the Phil. in the 21st
century
• Founded on April 28,1611by the Dominicans
• Original name was ColegioSanto Tomas
• Granted authority by the Program and Regulations of
Secondary Schools in the Phil.Islands to supervise all
secondary schools recognized by the government.
 Privileges and Authority of the University

• Declared as the only public school of the Phil.

• Rector was ex-oficio inspector of all private colleges
incorporated to the University
• Only by incorporation with the UST could a school
have its courses validated for the degree of Bachelor of
Arts
• Only UST could grant Bachelor of Arts degree
 Privileges and Authority of the University

• Neither the enrolment of students nor academic marks

were considered valid, unless a transcript of
corresponding entry were sent and registered by the
secretary general of UST
• It was an exclusive right of the Dominicans to issue
diploma to graduate of other schools
• Jose Rizal’s diploma Bachiller en Artes was
issued by Universidad de Filipinas the
secular name of UST
• Liberalism and secularism become intense and had
affected the social and political setting
• As a consequence, the Church undertook measures
to prevent further damage, exerting much influence
on the University of Sto. Tomas