INTRODUCTION

The Endocrine system is a control system of

ductless glands that secrete hormones within
specific organs. Hormones act as "messengers," and
are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in
the body, which interpret these messages and act on
them.
It seems like a far fetched notion or idea that
a small chemical can enter the bloodstream and
cause an action at a distant location in the body.
 Yet this occurs in our bodies everyday
of our lives. The ability to maintain
homeostasis and respond to stimuli is largely
due to hormones secreted within the body.
Without hormones, you could not grow,
maintain a constant temperature, produce
offspring, or perform the basic actions and
functions that are essential for life.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the report the students will
be able to:
 Define Endocrine System?

 Identify the functions of Endocrine System

and;

 Enumerate the major organs of Endocrine

system?
DISCUSSION
 The Endocrine system is made up of a
network of glands.
 These gland secrete hormones to
regulate many bodily functions,
including growth and metabolism.
 The endocrine system regulates its
hormones through negative feedback,
except in very specific cases like
childbirth.
 The Endocrine system interacts with the
nervous system to coordinate and
integrate body activities by means of
hormones.
The Endocrine system helps control the
following processes and systems:
 Growth and Development
 Homeostasis the internal balance of
the body
 Metabolism body energy levels
 Reproduction
 Response to stimuli stress and
injury
THESE ARE THE MAIN ORGANS
OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Pituitary gland
-Although it is no bigger
than a pea, the pituitary
(pronounced: puh-TOO-uh-
ter-ee) gland, located at the
base of the brain just
beneath the hypothalamus,
is considered the most
important part of the
endocrine system. It's often
called the "master gland"
because it makes hormones
that control several other
endocrine glands.
 The tiny pituitary is divided into two
parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior
lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity
of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive
glands. The anterior lobe produces hormones
such as:
 growth hormone, which stimulates the
growth of bone and other body tissues and
plays a role in the body's handling of
nutrients and minerals
 prolactin (pronounced: pro-LAK-tin), which
activates milk production in women who are
breastfeeding
 thyrotropin (pronounced: thy-
ruh-TRO-pin), which stimulates
the thyroid gland to produce
thyroid hormones
 corticotropin (pronounced: kor-
tih-ko-TRO-pin), which
stimulates the adrenal gland to
produce certain hormones
The pituitary also
secretes endorphins chemicals that
act on the nervous system and reduce
feelings of pain. In addition, the
pituitary secretes hormones that signal
the reproductive organs to make sex
hormones. The pituitary gland also
controls ovulation and the menstrual
cycle in women.
 The posterior lobe of the
pituitary
releases antidiuretic (pronounced:
an-ty-dy-uh-REH-tik) hormone,
which helps control the balance of
water in the body. The posterior lobe
also produces oxytocin(pronounced:
ahk-see-TOE-sin), which triggers the
contractions of the uterus in a woman
having a baby.
 Pineal gland
-The pineal
(pronounced: pih-NEE-
ul) body, also called the
pineal gland, is located
in the middle of the
brain. It secretes
melatonin
(pronounced: meh-luh-
TOE-nin), a hormone
that may help regulate
when you sleep at night
and when you wake in
the morning.
 Hypothalamus
– a collection of
specialized cells that is
located in the lower
central part of the brain,
is the main link between
the endocrine and
nervous systems. Nerve
cells in the
hypothalamus control
the pituitary gland by
producing chemicals
that either stimulate or
suppress hormone
secretions from the
pituitary.
 Thyroid gland
-
The thyroid (pronounced:
THY-royd), located in the
front part of the lower
neck, is shaped like a bow
tie or butterfly and
produces the thyroid
hormones thyroxine
and triiodothyronine.
These hormones control
the rate at which cells burn
fuels from food to produce
energy.
 The production and release of
thyroid hormones is controlled by
thyrotropin (pronounced: thy-ruh-
TRO-pin), which is secreted by the
pituitary gland. The more thyroid
hormone there is in a person's
bloodstream, the faster chemical
reactions occur in the body.
 Thymus gland
– containing
glandular tissue
and producing
several hormones,
is much more
closely associated
with the immune
system than with
the endocrine
system.
 Pancreas

The pancreas (pron

ounced: PAN-kree-
us) is also part of
the body's hormone-
secreting system,
even though it is
also associated with
the digestive system
because it produces
and secretes
digestive enzymes.
 The pancreas produces (in addition
to others) two important
hormones, insulin (pronounced: IN-suh-
lin) and glucagon(pronounced: GLOO-
kuh-gawn). They work together to
maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar,
in the blood and to keep the body
supplied with fuel to produce and maintain
stores of energy.
 Parathyroid glands
-Parathyroids
Attached to the thyroid
are four tiny glands that
function together called
the parathyroids
(pronounced: par-uh-
THY-roydz). They
release parathyroid
hormone, which
regulates the level of
calcium in the blood with
the help of calcitonin
(pronounced: kal-suh-
TOE-nin), which is
produced in the thyroid.
 Adrenal glands
-Adrenal Glands
The body also has
two triangular
adrenal
(pronounced: uh-
DREE-nul) glands,
one on top of each
kidney. The adrenal
glands have two
parts, each of which
produces a set of
hormones and has a
different function:
 The outer part, the adrenal cortex, produces
hormones called corticosteroids (pronounced:
kor-tih-ko-STER-oydz) that influence or regulate
salt and water balance in the body, the body's
response to stress, metabolism, the immune
system, and sexual development and function.
The inner part, the adrenal medulla (pronounced:
muh-DUH-luh), produces catecholamines
(pronounced: kah-tuh-KO-luh-meenz), such as
epinephrine (pronounced: eh-puh-NEH-frun).
Also called adrenaline, increases blood pressure
and heart rate when the body experiences stress.
 The gonads are the main source of sex
hormones. Most people don't realize it, but both
guys and girls have gonads.
 In guys the male gonads,
or testes (pronounced: TES-teez), are located
in the scrotum. They secrete hormones
called androgens(pronounced: AN-druh-junz),
the most important of which
is testosterone (pronounced: tess-TOSS-tuh-
rone). These hormones tell a guy's body when
it's time to make the changes associated
with puberty, like penis and height growth,
deepening voice, and growth in facial and
pubic hair. Working with hormones from the
pituitary gland, testosterone also tells a guy's
body when it's time to produce sperm in the
testes.
 A girl's gonads, the ovaries (pronounced: OH-vuh-
reez), are located in her pelvis. They produce eggs
and secrete the female
hormones estrogen (pronounced: ESS-truh-jen)
and progesterone(pronounced: pro-JESS-tuh-rone).
Estrogen is involved when a girl begins to go
through puberty. During puberty, a girl will
experience breast growth, will begin to accumulate
body fat around the hips and thighs, and will have a
growth spurt. Estrogen and progesterone are also
involved in the regulation of a girl's menstrual
cycle. These hormones also play a role in
pregnancy.
Although the endocrine glands are the body's
main hormone producers, some other organs not in the
endocrine system such as the brain, heart, lungs,
kidneys, liver, and skin also produce and release
hormones.
 Gonads testes and ovaries
Problems of the endocrine system
Numerous problems can occur in the
endocrine system. These can be considered as
excessive or deficient hormone production.
Endocrine organs are also prone to tumours
(adenomas) which can over produce hormones.
Some problems of the endocrine system
include:
 Diabetes – too much sugar in the blood
caused by problems with insulin production.
This includes type 1 diabetes (deficiency of
insulin) and type 2 diabetes (initially
excessive, then deficiency, of insulin).
 Menstruation abnormalities –
irregular menstruation or lack of
menstruation. Some causes of this
include polycystic ovarian syndrome
(PCOS), pituitary adenoma or primary
ovarian failure (POF).
 Thyroid problems – when the gland is
overactive (hyperthyroidism) or
underactive (hypothyroidism). Thyroid
nodules are common but thyroid
cancers are rare.
 Parathyroid problems – an enlargement or one of
more of the parathyroid glands can lead to high calcium
levels in the blood (hypercalcemia).
 Pituitary adenomas – these are tumours of the pituitary
gland that can make too much of a certain hormone or
cause deficiencies of hormones. These tumours can be
small (microadenomas) or large (macroadenomas).
 Neuro-endocrine tumours – these are rare to tumours
of certain endocrine glands (usually the adrenal gland,
pancreas or small bowel). These can include too much
adrenaline released by the adrenal gland
(pheochromocytoma), or too much hormone 5–HIAA
from a carcinoid tumour which causes diarrhoea and
flushing.
Diseases of the Endocrine System
Hormone levels that are too high
or too low indicate a problem with the
endocrine system. Hormone diseases
also occur if your body does not
respond to hormones in the
appropriate ways. Stress, infection and
changes in the bloods fluid and
electrolyte balance can also influence
hormone levels. National Institute of
Health.
 Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid
gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone
to meet the body’s needs. Without enough
thyroid hormone, many of the body’s functions
slow down.
Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid gland and
starts when the cells in the thyroid begin to
change, grow uncontrollably, and eventually
form a tumor. There are two types of tumors:
benign (noncancerous) and malignant
(cancerous, meaning that it can spread to other
parts of the body).
Hypoclycemia
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low
blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below
normal levels. Glucose, an important source of
energy for the body, comes from food.
Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of
glucose. In adults and children older than 10 years,
hypoglycemia is uncommon except as a side effect of
diabetes treatment.
TESTING:
If you have an endocrine disorder,
you’ll be referred to an endocrinologist.
The test can include blood and urine tests to
check hormone levels, and imagining tests
may done if a tumor or nodule needs to be
located. If you have symptoms of an
endocrine disorder, speak to your doctor or
endocrinologist for a testing and treatment
plan.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, we conclude that the
Endocrine system is the collection of glands
that produce hormones that regulate
metabolism, growth and development, tissue
function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep,
and mood among other things.
In general, the Endocrine system is in
charge of body process that happen slowly,
such as cell growth. Faster processes like
breathing and body movement are controlled
by the nervous system and endocrine system
are separate systems, they often work together
to help the body function properly.
 The main functions of
Endocrine System in our body are,
directs long-term changes in the
activities of other organ systems,
adjusts metabolic activity and
energy use by the body and
controls many structural and
functional changes during
development.
Major Endocrine Organs
The major organs of endocrine
system are pituitary gland,
pineal gland, hypothalamus,
thyroid gland, thymus gland,
pancreas, parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands, gonads (testes
 ovaries).
MEMBERS:

GUIAPAR, ROWAIDA
ABDUL, ALEYAH
ABDULRAHIM, AMIRA
SALUANG, HAIRONNESA

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.

GODBLESS! :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my genuine gratitude to those people, who helped for making this
presentation possible,

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me

the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude to our dearest
instructress Ms. April C. Trinidad whose contribution in stimulating suggestions
and encouragement helped us to coordinate our topic making this report,
thank you for guiding and helping us during presentation. For sharing us new
ideas and knowledge about the Human Anatomy and Physiology.

To our classmates, thank you for your cooperation, sharing your ideas and
also for listening. We’re hoping that you learn some lesson from our
discussion.

To my colleagues/member, who did a great helped in finding the resourceful

information about the topic and for exerting your efforts just to make this
presentation well done.

And most of all, to you, ALLAH (swt), our deepest gratitude for giving us
enough confident, strength.
BIBLOGRAPHY

 I’m Aleyah S, Abdul, 19 years old. I was

born on January 25, 1999. I live in
Poblacion Buluan, Maguindanao. I love
watching korean drama, I do also love
reading wattpad. My motto in life is ‘A
goal without a plan, is just a wish nor
dreams don’t work unless you do.
 I AM ROWAIDA KASAN GUIAPAR, 19 YEARS OLD. I WAS BORN
ON JANUARY 21, 1999. I LIVE IN POBLACION BULUAN, MAGUINDANAO.
I LOVE COOKING AND WATCHING K-RAMA. I’M GOOD IN SINGING
AND MAKING SPOKEN WORD POETRY. MY MOTTO IN LIFE IS “K-
DRAMA IS LIFE, BUT DIPLOMA IS LIFER”.