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CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
What is a Tight Gas Reservoir?
Somewhat arbitrary classification
Often defined as a gas bearing sandstone
or carbonate matrix (which may or may
not contain natural fractures) which
exhibits an in-situ permeability to gas of
less than 0.10 mD
Many ‘ultra tight’ gas reservoirs may have
in-situ permeability down to 0.001 mD
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
What Controls the Ability to
Economically Produce Tight Gas
Reserves?
Effective permeability
Initial saturation conditions
Size of effective sand face drainage area
accessed by the completion
Reservoir pressure
Degree of liquid dropout from gas (rich vs.
dry gas)
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Capillary Equilibrium in Gas
Reservoirs – High Perm
Relative Permeability
K
w
Kr
rg
FWC Water Saturation Water Saturation
CWLS Presentation
June 9 , 2004
Capillary Equilibrium in Gas
Reservoirs – LOW Perm
Relative Permeability
K
rg
Krw
FWC Water Saturation Water Saturation
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Generally if a Tight Gas Matrix is in
Equilibrium With a Free Water
Contact, Unless Very Large Vertical
Relief is Present, Equilibrium Water
Saturation Reduces Reserves and
Permeability to Gas Below the
Economic Limit for Production
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Non - Capillary Equilibrium in Gas
Reservoirs – LOW Perm
Relative Permeability
K
rg
Krw
NO FWC Water Saturation Water Saturation
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
For Significant Reserves and Mobile
Gas Production in Very Low Perm Gas
Reservoirs, a CAPILLARY
SUBNORMAL Water Saturation
Condition Usually Must Exist
Water Gauge
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Subnormally Water Saturated Tight
Gas Reservoirs – What Are They
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Postulated Mechanism For
Establishment of the Low Swi
Condition
Pore System
Long Term is isolated
Migration
Low of from
Gas matrix
Perm
Slightly out of equilibrium
Dynamic capillary with
contact
Initially 100%
Reservoir results in Desiccation
With active recharge
Saturated water
with
Of water saturation to subnormal
Source
value (faulting,
Water etc)
Gas Migration commences
Pore system displaced to
Capillary equilibrium swirr
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Postulated Mechanism For
Establishment of the Low Swi
Condition
Results in unique combination
Of low perm and low Swi
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Subnormal Saturation
Conditions
Generally a pre-requisite for an economic
gas reservoir in ultra tight rock (<0.1 mD)
Increases reserves and gas permeability
Increases apparent salinity and
suppresses Rw (proven by case studies)
Swi often difficult to precisely measure
using conventional logging
Direct measurement via traced coring
program common method used
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Common Subnormally Saturated
Formations in Western Canada
Deep basin area
Paddy
Cadomin
Cadotte
Jean Marie
Montney
Rock Creek
Ostracod
Gething
Bluesky
Halfway
Doig
Cardium
Viking
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Subnormal Initial Water Saturation
Gas Reservoirs
USA
Powder River Basin
Green River Basin
DJ Basin
Permian Basin
Alsodocumented in South America,
Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Dominant Formation Damage
Mechanisms in Tight Gas
Unless natural microfractures are present,
almost all tight reservoirs must be fracture
stimulated to obtain economic production
rates
In the case where fracture stimulation is
required, classic formation damage
associated with drilling is not normally
problematic due to the radius of
penetration of the fracture treatment
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Exceptions – Tight Matrix With
Enhanced Natural Permeability
Conduits
Natural fractures
Interconnected
vugular porosity
Possible deep
invasion of whole
drilling fluids
Possible application
of UBD
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Hydraulically Fractured Tight Gas
Systems
High fracture conductivity essential (proppant
crushing, embedment, residual gel/frac fluid
entrainment are issues)
Water or hydrocarbon based phase trapping a
major source of matrix damage in the near frac
face area
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Highway Analogy
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Highway Analogy
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Highway Analogy
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Water Based Phase Trapping
Capillary Pressure
Water Saturation
Relative Perm
Capillary Pressure
Water Saturation
Relative Perm
Capillary Pressure
Water Saturation
Relative Perm
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Hydrocarbon vs. Water Based
Fluids in Low Perm, Low Swi Gas
Reservoirs
permeability
Relative
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
DJ Basin –Colorado
Reservoir Parameters
Very fine grained sandstone
Depth – 2400 m
BHP = 20 MPa
kh = 1 – 4 mD-ft (0.3 – 1.2 mD-m)
Typical treatment
550,000 lbs (250 tonnes) in X-linked water
Post-frac production
50 mcf/day – 500 mcf/day
CWLS Presentation
Slide Courtesy of Calfrac June 9, 2004
DJ Basin – J Sand
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Diagnosis of Problems and Evaluation
of Most Effective Prevention or
Stimulation Treatments
A variety of lab/core evaluation techniques
exist to evaluate
Water and hydrocarbon phase trap potential
Interplay of reservoir pressure, invasion and
drawdown effects
Evaluation of optimum stimulation methods for
existing damaged wells
Evaluation of optimum drilling and completion
methods in naturally fractured formations
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Lab Regain Perm Test Equipment
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Conclusions
Conclusions
Tight gas reservoirs have a huge future potential
for production
Generally to be economic tight gas reservoirs
are normally in a subnormal water saturation
condition
Fluid trapping tends to be a dominant damage
mechanism for tight gas reservoirs
Techniques exist to evaluate and minimize
phase trapping problems and to stimulate
existing damaged wells
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
Thank You for Your
Attention
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004
CWLS Presentation
June 9, 2004