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CONSERVATIVE FORCES
A conservative force “gives back” work that has been done against it
F dr 0 F is conservative
The circle on the integral sign indicates that the integral is taken over a closed path
F dr
is a function of A and B only
is NOT a function of the path selected
A
POTENTIAL ENERGY
UAB = -WAB
E
L
A
• •B
UAB = q E L
POTENTIAL ENERGY IN A CONSTANT FIELD E
E
L
A
• dL •B
UAB = - q E.dl = q E dl = q E dl = q E L
UAB = q E L UB - UA = q E L
POTENTIAL ENERGY IN A CONSTANT FIELD E
UAB = UB – UA = - FE L
VAB = UAB / q
VAB = VB – VA
Electric potential difference between the points A and B
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
VAB = UAB / q
B
VAB = UAB / q = - (1/q) q E . dL = - E . dL
A
VAB = Electrical potential difference between the points A and B
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN A CONSTANT FIELD E
E
L
A
• •B
VAB = E L
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL IN A CONSTANT FIELD E
E
L
A
• dL •B VAB = UAB / q
VAB = E L UAB = q E L
POTENTIAL ENERGY ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
IN A CONSTANT FIELD E IN A CONSTANT FIELD E
UAB VAB
E
L
A
• • B
VAB = UAB / q
UAB = q E L VAB = E L
UNITS
E
B
A
• VAB = - E.dl
A
•
B
Since F = q E is conservative, the field E is conservative.
Then, the electrical potential difference does not depend
on the integration path.
X B
A
• •
C VAB = - E.dl
A
L
•
B
Another possibility is to choose a path that goes from A to C, and
then from C to B
VAB = - E L cos
Rank the points A, B, and C in order of
decreasing potential energy, for a charge
+q is placed at the point.
Equipotential Surfaces (lines)
A E B
Since the field E is constant
VAB = E L
X
It takes no work to move a charge
E at right angles to an electric field
E dL E•dL = 0 V = 0