5c98aee0-5eb0-4f8f-9bc9-67e757ff27bf.ppt

EEM.
scmB
Satellite Communications B
Spring Semester 2004-5
-Satellite Broadcasting-
-Professor Barry G Evans-
Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 1

Contents
1. Analogue TV Satellite Broadcasting
2. Digital Satellite Broadcasting (MPEG/DVB-S)
3. New DVB-S2 standard and IP Delivery
4. DMB

1. Analogue Satellite
Broadcasting
• F.M. Theory –S/NW versus C/N
• DTH/Cable head systems
• WARC Broadcasting Plan
• MAC Systems

System model

FDM/FM techniques

FM Transmission Formats
• NB. FDM/FM being replaced . Digital IDR

TDM/PSK/FDMA
Characteristics of Frequency
Modulation (FM)

FM Threshold Effect
TRADE OFF BETWEEN POWER AND BANDWIDTH
F.M.EQN: S

C 1 3 2
mo
N NO fm 2
f
where mo 
fm

FM Theory
Signal  kf 2
• General fU
Noise  N
fL
o f 2 df
fU
 f 3
  
 3  fL
3 f 
2
S C
  3
N 
f U  f L3 N o 
3 B  f  C
2
or S
 3
N  f U  f L3  N o
note f is the rms deviation.

fm peak deviation fPK
S 3Br  f PK  C
2

N 
f U3  f L3 N o 
r = pk-rms ration
note that then S is the signal pk
Quality objectives for television
(CCIR Rec. 567-1 & 568)

ITU-R Subjective Quality Service
• Picture Quality Weighted S/N(dB)
5 (excellent) 46.6 99.9% ITU-R
4 (good) 42.3
VIDEO REC. QoS
3 (fair) 38.0
2 (poor) 33.6
1 (bad) 29.3

Base band signals television

FM Theory
BASEBAND SIGNAL (FDM) = 6MHZ
• Television SIGNAL – 1V pk-pk Test signal
F.M. EQUATION,
C 3B  f 
2
S

N 
N f U3  f L3 
For T.V. fL << fU fL=0, fU=fm
f = Fr (rms deviation of signal)

2
S C 3BFr
 
N N f m3
CCIR Definition S/No - pk-pk video voltage = S

 Fpp should be used
Test-Tone for T.V. includes Synch tip.

0.7 x pk-pk volts = pk-pk video
FTT2
 FPP   0.7 FTT  
2 2
2
2
S C 3B FTT
  * *
N N 2 f m3
Analogue transmission techniques
-SCPC/FM transmission of television-

Analogue transmission techniques
-pre and de-emphasis
• Noise at the output of a FM demodulator has a parabolic power spectral density: higher
frequency components get corrupted by more noise than the lower frequency components.
• PREEMPHASIS increases the amplitude of high frequency components before frequency
modulating the carrier.
• DEEMPHASIS removes this ‘distortion’ at the receiver.

Communication techniques

FM Theory
15 KHz TEST-TONE APROACH
• Television
For A 1v pk-pk Test Signal with fixed pattern Alternate Black-
White lines, which is convenient
Test Signal – equivalent deviation 15KHz sinusoid T.T. FTPP
2
S 3B C FTPP
  WP 
N 2 N f m3
(WP) is the combined weighting & pre-de-emphasis gain referred to the

15KHz point, which is different from the 0 cross-over value (see slide)
UNIFIED WEIGHTING
Note that a unified weighting defined over satellite. For S/N calc’s the
noise is calculated
Is a top baseband of fm=5MHz. Then :
625 Line (WP) = 13.2 dB.
525 Line (WP) = 14.8 dB
Video Weighting Factor
The CCIR specifies the identical S/N relating to the continuous random noise, for 525/60 and 625/50
systems. Namely, the S/N should be equal to or better than 53 dB for 99% of time and 45 dB for 99.9% of
time (Recommendation 567). This Recommendation was adopted at the CCIR Plenary Assembly in 1978,
and the former frequency characteristics of weighting networks which had been separately defined for
different TV standards were replaced by a single set of characteristics to give unified S/N objectives.
Figure below shows the unified curve as well as the former frequency characteristics of weighting networks.
Frequency characteristics of weighting networks for measuring continuous random noise

* Improvement by emphasis + weighting factor. (P+O)

TV via Satellite
• Example
INTELSAT : 625/50 Hz ASTRA – DTH.
2
FTPP = 15 MHz. fm’= 6MHz S 3  13.5   1 
 
C
   .( pw).
fm = 5MHz N 2  5  5 N0
2 C
S 3  FTPP  1 C  43.4 
    pw N0
N 2 fm 
 fm N0
2
3  15   1  C DTM. S/N=42.3, C/No = 89.8 dB-H
     .( pw).
2  5  5 N0 Bw = 13.5 + 2x6 = 25.5 MHz
C C/N  15 dB
 42.5dB  Allows Rain fade to threshold
N0
Aim for Fixed Link. S/N=45 dB. C/No=87.5 dB-MHz

BW = 15 + 2x6 = 27 MHz
Also ½ TPDR. TV. 15.75 MHz BW. 2 x TV in 36MHz

S/N = 29.5 + C/N = 45
C/N = 15.5 dB

Satellite TV – Over Deviation
• Use BW narrower than Carson without excessive distortion
BC  2 ΔFP  fm
625/50 TV  FM occupy BW  18MHz
18
ΔFP   6  3MHz
2
INTELSAT actually use PK devn  10.5MHz   Carson 
Called ' over deviation'
 20log actual 
Carson
 
 20log 10.5  10.9dB
3

• Inst. Frequency corresponding to PK-DVN is well outside the passband
filters  when the deviation is close to PK, the carrier is suppressed and
a short burst of noise is generated –visible as spots.
• BUT % time when carrier outside passband is small –but excessive O/D
will cause deterioration
Data sub-carrier
C  C     f 
2

    
  10 log 1  sc
 
 N 0  dsc  N 0  mc  2  f sc  
 
 Eb  C  2
     
 N 0  data  N 0  dsc Rb
2
S 2
f p  p  1  C 
   3r     Q
 N  mc  f m  f m  N 0  mc
r  ratio pk - pk amp. of monochrome video to nominal amp. luminance

f p  p  pk - pk deviation produced by sinusoidal signal at 15kHz
f m  top baseband of video (5 MHz)
Q  pre emphasis  weighting advantage (13.2 dB)

TVRO Satellite TV
Transponder = +52 dBW
Dish size TVRO = 60 cm LNB = 1.5 dB noise fig (120K)
UPLINK:
Transmit eirp +80 dBW
Pointing loss 0.2 dB
Clear sky abs. Loss 0.5 dB
F.S.L (14.5 GHz) 207.3 dB
Satellite G/T (Land) +7 dB/K
K -228.6 dBW/Hz/K
C/N0 107.6 dB-Hz
DOWNLINK
: Transponder eirp (saturation) 52 dBW
F.S.L (12 GHz) 205.5 dB
Clear Sky absorption (12 GHz) 0.4 dB
TVRO ptg.loss 0.3 dB
TVRO G/T (elev. Sky) 12 dB/K
K -228.6 dBW/Hz/K
C/N0D 86.4 dB-Hz
OVERALL
C / (N0D+N0U) 86.4 dB-Hz
C / N(in 26 MHz) 12.2 dB
C / I(adj. Satellites + X path) 28.0 dB
C / (NTH + Nint) 12.1 dB
Deviation (FTPP) 16 MHz
W+P 13.2 dB
S/N 44.2 dB
NB 2 dB better than CCIR-4 (Good)
At C/N THRESHOLD = 0 dB gives 3.1 dB margin for propagation
Link Performance -Exercise
SATELLITE
eirp=+40dBW
TV
FREE SPACE LOSS –250.6DB
Diameter?  =65%
S/N=42.3dB
RX DMD
T=22.3dB-K
– Fixed losses = 0.5dB

– Antenna Pt.Loss = 1.4dB
– System noise temp. (clear weather) = 22.3dB-K
– Rain loss (99.5%) = 0.7dB
– Rain temp. = 275k
– Desired TV quality S/N = 42.3dB (CCIR Grade 4)
– Video bandwidth = 5MHz
– Pre-emp . weight gain = 13.2dB
– Receiver bandwidth = 27MHz
– Video deviation = 13.5 MHz (P-P)
• Calculate the earth-station dish size required to obtain CCIR Grade 4 quality TV reception for
99.5% of the time.
TV TRANSMISSION
ASTRA
eirp =
+52dBW
11.5GHz
14.5G C/I=28dB
Hz G/T=+7dB/k
207.3dB 205.5dB
eirp
+80dBW
TVRO
 =0.6 LNB
TELEPOR
T
• ATV link to TVRO from Astra 1.5dB noise
Fig.
– Calculate the C/No on the uplink. Is this significant?
– Calculate the size of dish required to provide CCIR Grade 4 B/N=42.3dB
assuming clear weather
(make allowance for absorption, pointing loss, etc.)
Video devn 13.5MHz p-p, W+P=13.2dB, fm=5MHz, B=26MHz
– Produce a link budget table for the above
– Produce another column in the link budget table to represent the case for
99.5% availability for which a fade of 0.84dB is derived form the CCIR model.
Model of a Broadcasting
Satellite System

Broadcast Satellites: the WARC
Plan Features
• Frequency Band 11.7 to 12.5GHz (Europe & Africa)
• 40 channels spaced at 19.18MHz
• Orbital positions –generally a 60 spacing
• Frequency modulation –deviation 13.5MHz/Volt, i.e.
a bandwidth of about 27MHz
• 5 channels for each country
• Circular polarisation
• Sound –a single channel on a sub-carrier
• Video –PAL or SECAM composite

BSS Planning in Europe (1/3)



ITU Region 1 Ku Band
Frequency Plan

The MAC/Packet innovation
Time division multiplex components

MAC format options
B-MAC, D-MAC, D2MAC
• Time Division Multiplex (TDM) at baseband of time
compressed TV signal analogue components and digital
components (sound/data).
• B-MAC: 4 level encoding of digital components
• D-MAC & D2-MAC: duobinary (3 level) encoding of digital
components. Rate divided by 2 with D2-MAC
TIME
Chrominance COMPRESSION
TIME
Luminance COMPRESSION RF
TDM MOD
Sound+data TIME MOD

COMPRESSION

MAC format options C-MAC
• Time Division Multiplex (TDM) at
radiofrequency of time compressed TV signal
analogue components and digital
components (sound/data)
TIME
Chrominance COMPRESSION
TDM
MOD
TIME
Luminance COMPRESSION RF
TDM
Sound+data TIME MOD

COMPRESSION

2. Digital Broadcasting
• MPEG Compression Techniques
• MPEG Packets
• DVB-S Transmission

Topics to be covered
• Why compression?
• MPEG-2 compression toolbox, including:
– Temporal and spatial redundancy
– Discrete Cosine Transform, DCT
• DVB channel adaptation, including:
– Forward error correction (FEC) encoding
– Modulation and the effects of nonlinearity
• Quality of service and picture impairments
• Contribution and distribution

Why is compression necessary?
• ITU-R BT.601-5 specifies 27Msamples/s at
8bits/sample = 216Mbits/s.
• MPEG-2 can deliver consumer quality video at
~1Mbits/s to 6Mbits/s.
• Typical broadcast satellite transponders have 27-
36MHz bandwidth, cost roughly £2-3m/year, and
can carry 30-40Mbit/s OR one FM TV channel.
• Transponder cost/channel is much lower for MPEG-
2 compression than FM-TV.
• Digital format allows many more applications.

Elements of a digital satellite
broadcasting system
STUDIO MPEG-2
Encoder
Camera
Tape Multiplexer
Modulator
Film
File server
MPEG-2
Contribution Encoder
Electronic Programme
Guide (EPG)
Subscriber Conditional Access

Management System System

MPEG-2 Video Compression
Toolbox for bit-rate reduction includes:

– Removal of temporal redundancy: inter-frame compression
– Removal of spatial redundancy (DCT): intra-frame
compression
– Quantisation of DCT coefficients
– Variable length coding (VLC)
39
Temporal redundancy
Three classes of video frame:
• I-frames, make no reference to other frames

• P-frames, predicted from earlier I- or P-frames
• B-frames, predicted from both past and future frames
Only P- and B-frames use temporal redundancy.

Temporal redundancy
Predicted frames
Intraframes
• Use motion estimation to predict the next frame.

• Use DCT to encode the difference between predicted
and actual.
Spatial redundancy
• Operates on blocks of 8x8 pixels.

• Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) converts spatial
elements to frequency domain (lossless).
• Scaling related to human vision’s perceptual
sensitivity.
• Quantisation controlled by feedback from rate
buffer.

Spatial redundancy
176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176
171 171 171 171 171 171 171 171
185 185 185 185 185 185 185 185 Pixel values for
203 203 203 203 203 203 203 203
a block taken from
206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206
203 203 203 203 203 203 203 203 a typical picture
193 193 193 193 193 193 193 193
178 178 178 178 178 178 178 178
Increasing horizontal frequency
Increasing 1106 12 -22 12 4 6 2 0

vertical
145 -15 -16 10 3 7 1 0
frequency
98 -4 -20 4 5 1 1 -1
Values after 52 -15 -8 1 -1 2 -2 0

18 -10 -1 -1 -1 1 -2 0
DCT processing 9 -4 -3 -2 1 -1 0 0
-4 2 -4 1 -3 2 1 0
-13 1 0 0 -1 1 1 2

Spatial redundancy
DCT values after quantisation and scaling:
Increasing horizontal frequency
Increasing 138 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
vertical
8 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
frequency
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Spatial redundancy
• Conversion to serial data by zig-zag scanning:

138 1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
8 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Run length coding removes long strings of zeros.

• Variable length coding replaces common values
with shorter symbols (c.f. Morse code).
Spring2005 © University of Surrey

Control of quantisation
Quantisation threshold Data rate Buffer

control occupancy
From DCT Quantisation of Variable Buffer

process DCT coefficients length coding store
Variable rate Fixed rate

MPEG audio
• Uses a psychoacoustic algorithm based on the

characteristics of the human hearing system.
• Divides the audio spectrum into sub-bands.
• The model determines the just-noticeable level of
noise for each sub-band, and adjusts
quantisation.
• Loud sounds reduce the ability to hear quiet
sounds at other frequencies, so the quiet sounds
may not need to be transmitted.
MPEG system layer
Elementary Stream: a stream of information that forms
part of a programme, eg sound.
Programme Stream: a set of elementary streams
having a common time base, that form a programme.
A programme typically comprises video, associated
sound channels, and data.
Transport Stream: a combination of one or more
programme streams with one or more independent
time bases, formed into a single stream. The
transport stream is formed into packets of 188 bytes.
MPEG system layer
Elementary
streams Programme
streams
Video encoder Transport

stream
Audio encoder
Data encoder
Other programmes
Other data
Broadcast transmission - enter the
DVB!
• MPEG defines the Transport Stream but not how to carry it.
• DVB defines framing structure, channel coding and
modulation for satellite (DVB-S) in EN 300 421.
• DVB is a European project, but DVB-S has been adopted
around the world.

Channel adaptation
Channel Adaptation: the processes involved in taking a
Transport Stream and converting it to a form suitable for
transmission on the satellite.
Transport Energy Outer FEC

stream Interleaver
dispersal encoder
Inner FEC Baseband QPSK To RF channel

encoder shaping Modulation
Energy dispersal
• Energy dispersal: intended to ensure that patterns in the

data stream do not cause power spectral density peaks.
• Achieved by exclusive-or with PRBS.

Outer FEC encoding
• Reed-Solomon (204,188) encoding adds 16 bytes to each

MPEG packet.
204 bytes 204 bytes
188 bytes 188 bytes
16 bytes RS 16 bytes RS
Interleaver
Interleaver: breaks up bursts of errors, so that the performance

of the Reed-Solomon error corrector in the receiver is
enhanced.
Achieved by changing the sequence of transmission of bytes,

then performing the inverse function in the receiver.
Inner FEC encoder
• Provides a second layer of forward error correction.

• Target BER in receiver after error correction is 10-11,
corresponding to roughly one uncorrected error per
hour.
• Target BER can be achieved with channel BER<10-2.
• Choice of code rates of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 allows
trading of bandwidth and error performance.
Modem performance
DVB specifies modem performance in IF loop to achieve quasi
error-free performance:
Inner code rate Eb/No (dB)

1/2 4.5
2/3 5.0
3/4 5.5
5/6 6.0
7/8 6.4
Note: Eb/N0 = 10log(C/N0) - 10log(bit rate). The bit

rate referred to in this table is the useful bit rate before
RS encoding.
Modulation
• Modulation cannot be AM because the satellite
TWTA must operate at saturation to deliver
maximum power.
• Modulation must therefore be some form of phase
shift keying (PSK).
• Requirement for the smallest possible receiving
antennas means that the modulation must be
rugged, i.e. able to be demodulated at low C/N.
• Must be spectrally efficient (bits/Hz) to maximise
transponder payload.
Modulation
• BPSK has largest inter-symbol distance.
• QPSK has half BPSK’s symbol rate, so half the bandwidth.
Inter-symbol distance is down 3dB relative to BPSK, but so
is received noise power!
Q Q
0 1,0 0,0
I I
1 1,1 0,1
BPSK constellation QPSK constellation

Baseband shaping
Amplitude Nyquist
bandwidth
Slow roll-off Medium roll-off Fast roll-off

Modulation performance
Typical receiver performance in a linear channel:
Note: in this case

the bit rate used
to calculate Eb/N0
from C/N0 is the
channel rate.
Measured
Theoretical
Effects of nonlinearity
• Modem performance is not significantly affected

by TWTA nonlinearity, even at saturation, for a
single carrier.
• Note the effect of nonlinearity on the spectrum
(next slide). It can have significant impact on the
design of the uplink earth station, in order to
meet adjacent channel interference (ACI) criteria.
Effect of TWTA on spectrum
Spectrum of
11Mbits/s
(gross rate)
QPSK signal
after passing
through a
wideband
TWTA at
saturation.
Example payload calculation
Q. 30MHz of bandwidth is available. If the inner code
rate is 3/4, what is the bit-rate available to the
MPEG stream?
A. The relationship between bandwidth at -20dB
relative to mid-band and the symbol rate is
BW = 1.28 x symbol rate.
Therefore, symbol rate = 30 / 1.28 = 23.4Msym/s
QPSK has two bits per symbol, so the gross bit rate
is 23.4 x 2 = 46.8Mbits/s.
Example payload calculation
The rate after the inner layer of error correction is

46.8 x 3/4 = 35.1Mbits/s.
The rate after the outer (RS) layer of error correction is
35.1 x 188/204 = 32.3Mbit/s.
46.8Mbits/s 35.1Mbits/s 32.3Mbits/s
Convolutional RS (204,188)
decoding (3/4) decoding
From MPEG stream to
demodulator decoder
(Inner code) (Outer code)
Quality of service
• The two concatenated error correcting codes give an abrupt
failure as C/N degrades.
• Above the failure point, picture quality is the same as that
leaving the studio.
Picture FM
Quality
Digital
FM threshold
Digital threshold
C/N
Picture impairments
• Impairments are different from PAL (eg cross-
colour).
• Dependent on bit rate.
• Dependent on picture content.
• Rule of thumb: <2Mbits/s for talking heads at VHS
quality, 6Mbits/s for high quality action sports.
• Impairments are mainly due to detail being omitted,
and in severe cases can lead to blocks becoming
visible.
• Broadcaster can trade picture quality with number of
services.

Contribution and Distribution
• Broadcaster to broadcaster connections:

– Programme exchange
– Feeds to cable head-ends (primary distribution)
– Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG)
• DVB-DSNG (EN 301 210):
– Specifies QPSK, same as DVB-S
– Adds 8PSK and 16QAM
Links to IP delivery
over MPEG/DVB-S & DVB-S-RCS
• Having a digital transport packet, PES, it is
possible to load IP packets into these and
thus deliver. IP over MPEG/DVB-S
• As well as the forward channel MPEG/DVB-S
a return channel –RCS –return channel via
satellite- has been standardised –DVB-S-
RCS.
• These topics will be covered in an associated
lecture (Dr Haitham Cruickshank)
DVB-DSNG Standard 1992
• Upgrading DVB-S to satellite news gathering
at contribution qualities
• 8PSK/16QAM with standard conv codes –
spectrum eff.  3.2 bits/symbol
• Allow smaller dish SNG to operate at higher
C/N’s

3. New Standard DVB-S2 – 2003
• Achieves 35-40% increase in throughput for
same bandwidth
• Greater than 20 combinations of modulation
and coding schemes offer
– Spectrum efficiency 0.54.5 bits/unit bandwidth
– C/N from –216dB
• Backward compatibility with DVB-S
• Opens up range of new services and reduced
costs
New Standard DVB-S2 – 2003
• Layered modulation
– QPSK, 8 PSK, 16 APSK, 32 APSK
• Low density parity check (LDPC)
– Codes rates 1/4,1/3, ½, 3/5, 2/3, ¾, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9,
9/10
• Concatenated scheme
– Inner LDPC
– Outer BCH
71
Modulation schemes DVB-S2
Q
Q I=MSB Q=LSB
100
110
10 00 000
 
I
I 010  
001
011
11 01
101
111
Q
Q 01101
11101 01001
1010 1000 01100 11001

R3 00101 00001
0010 0000 MSB
R2 11100 01000
LSB 00100 00000
R2
0110 1110 R1 1100 0100 10001 10000

11110 10100 10101 R1
11000
I I
text text
0111 10110 10111 10010

1111 1101 0101 10011
01110
00110 00010 11010
0011 0001
11111 00111 00011 01010
1011 1001
01111 11011
01011
The four possible DVB-S2 constellations before physical layer scrambling

• QPSK/8 APSK broadcast applications
• 16/32 APSK professional applications
requiring higher C/N
– Need pre-distortion in uplink to overcome non-
linear.
– Schemes better in non-linear channel cf. 16/32
QAM
• Roll-off factors - =0.35, 0.25, 0.2

Single Input Stream =0,35,
BB 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, PL Signalling 0,25,
Signalling 1/2, 3/5, 2/3,
Pilot symbols 0,20
DATA Input interface & 3/4, 4/5, 5/6,
adaptation tools 8/9, 9/10 QPSK,
ACM #1 8PSK, BB Filter
COMMAND SCRAM &
Merger STREAM BCH outer 16APSK,
Slicer 32APSK BLER Quadrature
ADAPTER LDPC inner Modulation
constel-
Input interface &
CRC-8 lations
Dummy
adaptation
Encodertools FRAME
#n MODE & STREAM
Multiple Input Streams ADAPTATION FEC ENCODING MAPPING PL FRAMING MODULATION
to
BBFRAME LP stream for PLFRAME the RF
BC modes satellite
channel
Functional block diagram of the DVB-S2 system

• LDPC inner codes –simple block code
(Gallager)
• BCH outer coding removes the error floor (no
interleavers)
• FEC coded blocks (FEC frames) length
64800 or 16200 bits

Framing Structure:
the system train
FEC Useful
redundancy data
Type of channel
coding and modulation
adopted in the wagon
PL FRAME
H FEC FRAME H FEC FRAME H FEC FRAME
8PSK 5/6 QPSK 2/3 16APSK 3/4
Pictorial representation of the physical layer framing structure

Framing Structure:
the system train
• Physical level: robust synch. and signalling
– Physical train: sequences of periodic wagons (PL
frames)
– Within PL frame. M/C is homogeneous
– With variable C/M –(VCM) –M/C changes in
adjustment wagons

Framing Structure:
the system train
• PL frame =
– Payload (64.800bits) – LDPC/BCH FEC
+ PL header (90 symbols) synch/sig. Mod. & coding type
FEC rate, frame length, pilots, etc.
• PL header –uses fixed /2 BPSK –7/64 block
coded
• Base band level
– Configures Rx according to application
– Single or multiple input streams, generic or transport
stream
– CCM (const. M/C)
– ACM (adaptive M/C)

DVB-S2 Performance
Spectrum efficiency versus required C/N on AWGN channel
4,5
32APSK
4,0 Dotted lines= modulation constrained Shannon limit
3,5 16APSK
Ru [bit/s] per unit Symbol Rate
3,0
2,5 8PSK
2,0 DVB-DSNG
QPSK
1,5
DVB-S
1,0
0,5
0,0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
C/N [dB] in Rs
• Required C/N versus spectrum efficiency, obtained by computer simulations on
the AWGN channel (idea demodulation) (C/N refers to average power)
• Operates C/N’s –2.4dB with QPSK/1/4 to 16dB with 32APSK/9/10 (for PER of 10-
7)
• Note: 20-35% capacity increase over DVB-S
DVB-S2 Range of C and M
Examples of useful bit rates Ru versus LDPC code rate per unit symbol rate
Rs

Comparison DVB-S and S2 (CCM)
Example comparison between DVB-S and DVB-S2 for TV broadcasting

Satellite EIRP (dBW) 51 53.7
System DVB-S DVB-S2 DVB-S DVB-S2
Modulation & coding QPSK 2/3 QPSK 3/4 QPSK 7/8 8PSK 2/3
Symbol-rate (Mbaud) 27.5 (=0.35) 30.9 (=0.20) 27.5 (=0.35) 29.7 (=0.25)
C/N (in 27.5 MHz) (dB) 5.1 5.1 7.8 7.8
Useful bit-rate (Mbit/s) 33.8 46 (gain=36%) 44.4 58.8 (gain=32%)
Number of SDTV 7 MPEG-2 10 MPEG-2 10 MPEG-2 13 MPEG-2
programmes 15 AVC 21 AVC 20 AVC 26 AVC

New standard DVB-S2 – 2003
• Standard optimised for range of satellite
transponder characteristics and satellite
channels
• Variable coding and modulation allows
change on frame to frame basis
• Allows MPEG2, MPEG4, IP and ATM input
streams
• Adaptive M&C can be operated between
forward/return (RCS) to secure 4-8dB added
advantages
Using ACM for IP Unicast (1)
UP-LINK STATION
ACM DVB-S2
MODULATOR
High bit-rate
ACM command: forward-link
Modulation & coding selection
ACM
Gateway
C/N+I
signalling
Info Satellite
SOURCE(s) Terminal
Return
channel C/N+I measurement
User bit-rate control
Block diagram of a DVB-S2 ACM link
• Rx means C/N+I and reports to G.W.

• GW adapts M and C on frame basis
• Ka-band needs ACM to compensate fades 0.5dB/s –leads to
around 1dB accuracy corrections.
ACM DVB-S2
SYSTEM
ACM Router
ACM Buffers per:
 Protection level ACM
Satellite
ACM routing
 user Command
Gateway High bit-rate
manager
 service level
level M1 forward-link
BUF BUF BUF Info
Response
Info C/N+I
Info
Response signalling
Response
Router Interaction
Info Internet channel Satellite
Provider GW Return Terminal
Server channel
Info Request
Example of IP services using a DVB-S2 ACM link

• ACM routing manager –separates the IP

pkts/user per required protection and per
service level and can prioritise per service.
• Single streams –ACM router and DVB-S2
mod independent and can implement any
routing policy.
• Multiple streams –ACM is active and selects
and prioritises packets as well as delaying for
prioritisation.
New standard DVB-S2 – 2003
• Delivery HDTV and IP services

• Combining DVB-S2 – MPEG4, ACM schemes get
25 video channels in 33MHz transponder
• DVB-S2 and ACM with multispot Ka-band satellites
and DVB-RCS
– reduce IP delivery costs by factor 10
– Compatible cable/fibre costs
• DVB-S2 has backward compatibility but will take
time to replace large number of home decoders

DMB – Digital Multimedia
Broadcasting
• DMB and multicasting to mobile terminals is a
major new market.
• Forecasts for MB market in 2008
– 90 million users worldwide
– 80 B € revenue
• Satellite can play major role (SDMB,MBSAT)
but terrestrial options. (DAB, DVB-H).

DMB: convergence
of different worlds
BROADCASTING
Live
TV
Driven
INTERNET
Web-
PC WORLD
access
Driven
DMB
Gamin
g
Driven
Tecnholog
y
Driven
MOBILE TELECOMs
DMB services: real-time vs non
real-time
• RT: real-time broadcast/multicast to mobile terminal
– Live TV
– Live music
– Information (news, traffic)
– Advertising
– Webcams
– Multiplayer gaming
– Emergency messages
• NRT: non-real time, content stored on terminal and consumed later
– Video on-demand
– Music on-demand
– Webcasting
– Web-browsing
– Personalised content
– Video games

Content for Mobile TV
• Existing TV content cannot be directly transported to mobile terminals
• “Mobile TV is not TV on the mobile”
• Content adaptation strategies are necessary
– Small screens
– Detail-driven source coding
– Content trasducers
• New content produced for mobile TV
– Short sequences (1 to 15 mins typical)
• NAVSHP (Networked Audio Visual Systems and Home Platforms)
– New media technology platform for EC IST FP7
– Thomson, Alcatel, ST, Siemens, Nokia, Philips, Intel
– New Media Council: next meeting Dec 2-3, 2004.

DMB systems
• Classification is difficult, due to large overlap
• Criteria
– Coverage: terrestrial/satellite
– Terminals: handset/vehicular
– Target service: audio/video/multimedia
– World region of operation
– Integration with cellular networks
– In operation/planned
– Standard/proprietary air interface
• Examples
– Digital Audio Broadcasting (e.g. DAB, XM radio, Sirius)
– Digital Video Broadcasting (e.g. DVB-T, DVB-H)
– MBSAT
– IMT2000 (e.g., UMTS-MBMS, S-DMB)
– …
DMB systems
• Classification is difficult, due to large overlap
• Criteria
– Coverage: terrestrial/satellite
– Terminals: handset/vehicular
– Target service: audio/video/multimedia
– World region of operation
– Integration with cellular networks
– In operation/planned
– Standard/proprietary air interface
• Examples
– Digital Audio Broadcasting (e.g. DAB, XM radio, Sirius)
– Digital Video Broadcasting (e.g. DVB-T, DVB-H)
– MBSAT
– IMT2000 (e.g., UMTS-MBMS, S-DMB)
– …
DAB
• Standardized by ETSI in 1995
• Replacement for analog AM and FM
• MPEG2 audio layer II
• Enhanced data services
• N x 24 ms Frames, DQPSK, OFDM
• 1/4 - rate Conv. Code,
Interleaving, Puncturing
• 4-Modes of Operation
• Deployed in >35 Cntrs.
Around the world

DARS systems: XM radio
• DARS = Digital Audio Radio Service
• XM Satellite Radio (CONUS)
– started in 2001
– A $1,5 billions program targeting vehicular
market
– 100 Thematic radio channels, FM+ quality
– $10/month subscription
– Receivers price starting today from $120
– XM exceeded 1 million customers end of
October 2003
– Constellation
• 2 GEO satellites
• Terrestrial repeaters (~1500)
– Air interface
• QPSK TDM
• S-Band
DARS systems: Sirius
• Sirius (CONUS) SIRIUS
VSAT
Satellite
– Started 2002 Satellite
– 120 Thematic radio

channels, FM+ quality
– $12.25/month subscription
– 400K users end of June TDM
2004 Ground
Repeaters
– Member of ASMS-TF TDM OFDM
– Constellation: Remote
TDM OFDM TDM
Uplink Site
• 3 HEO sat
• Terrestrial Mobile
Receiver 12.5 MHz
repeaters (~ 90) National
Broadcast
– Air interface: Studio
• Direct link: QPSK TDM
• Terrestrial repeater link:
QPSK COFDM
• Coding: RS+Conv
• Sat diversity
MBSAT
• MBSAT (Japan and Korea)
– opening 2004
– 1 GEO sat, 12 m antenna
– Gap fillers
– 25 MHz band at 2,6 GHz, 7 Mb/s capacity
– Vehicular and pedestrian usage
– 10 TV and 50 Radio broadcast programs
– Target 20 Million customers in 2010
– 400 to 600 $ receivers
– 3 to 20$/month subscription
• System Cost ~800 M$
– Tens of thousands of terrestrial repeaters
• Partnership: Toshiba, NTV, NTT, SKT,
Toyota, Mitsubishi, Samsung,...
• Strong involvement of SKT in Korea to
market the MBSAT system
– Targeting video over cellphone with
Samsung products

DVB standards: DVB-T/H
• DVB-T has been standardized in 1997
and now deployed worldwide
• DVB-T adopts QAM-OFDM
• DVB-H is the evolution of
DVB-T for broadcasting to
mobile handsets
– Targeting 2005 commercial
product availability
• Regulatory allocation for
DVB-H Network is a big
concern
– Will require tremendous
lobbying effort to grant
VHF/UHF before 2010

DVB-H System overview (1)
• Objectives
– Broadcast transmission to mobile handheld terminals of datagrams (IP or other datagrams)
pertaining to multimedia services, file downloading services, etc
• Constraints
– Limited power supply (small terminals)
– Varying transmission conditions (mobile terminals)
• Systems specification
– DVB-H = DVB-T +
• 4K OFDM mode
• Enhanced interleaving for native DVB-T 2K and 4K modes
• Time slicing
• Enhanced signalling
• Packet coding: MPE-FEC
• 5MHz bandwidth
– Reference documents
• EN 300 744: Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television (DVB-T),
Appendix G and H specific for DVB-H
• EN 301 192: Link Layer
• EN 300 468: Service Information
• TS 101 191: Single Frequency Network

DVB-T/H System overview (2)
• 4 bandwidth modes: 5, 6, 7, and 8 MHz
• 3 OFDM modes: 2K, 4K, 8K
• 3 modulation formats:
– 4-QAM
– 16-QAM
– 64-QAM
• Hierarchical and non-hierarchical transmission
– Non-hierarchical: constant error protection
– Hierarchical: higher protection for basic information, lower protection for
additional information
• Bit-wise and symbol-wise interleaving
• Concatenated channel coding
– Inner code: convolutional code with 4 coding rates: 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8
– Outer code: RS code

DVB-T/H network layout
• 4 kinds of frequency networks can be deployed
– Large area SFN (Single Frequency Network) :
• Many high power repeaters with large transmitter space
 large delays  large guard time required
 Challenging transmitter synchronization
– Regional SFN:
• Few high power repeaters with large transmitter space
 Large delays  large guard time required
 Simpler transmitter synchronization
– MFN (Multi Frequency Network) with dense SFN around each MFN
transmitter:
• Medium power SFM transmitter with medium transmitter spacing
– SFN gap fillers
• Low power SFN transmitter with small spacing to fill gaps in coverage
 Small delays  small guard time required
DVB-T/H: functional block
diagram

DVB-T/H: MPEG-2
MPEG-2
MPEG-2transport
transportmultiplex
multiplexpacket:
packet:
188
188byte:
byte:11synch
synchword
word++payload
payload
Sync
MPEG-2 transport MUX data 187 bytes
1 byte

DVB-T/H: RS outer coding
RS
RS(204,
(204,188,
188,t=8)
t=8)

DVB-T/H: outer interleaving
Convolutional interleaving (Forney approach)
INTERLEAVING DEPTH = 12 BYTES

DVB-T/H: inner convolutional
coding
Convolutional
Convolutionalcodes: codes:
••Mother
Mothercodecoderate
rate1/2,
1/2,64
64states
states
•G1=
•G 171oct, G2=133oct
1= 171oct, G2=133oct
••Punctured
Puncturedcodescodesatatrates
rates
••2/3
2/3
••3/4
3/4
••5/6
5/6
••7/8
7/8
••This
Thisisisthe
thesame
samecode
codeused
usedbybyDVB-S
DVB-S
Mobile TV: the DVB-T/H technology
MPEG-2 over IP over
DVB-T 24 Mbps DVB-H 5 to 10 Mbps
Source
Nokia
2003
128-400
3 Mbps
kbps
4-6 TV programs for large

50-80 video streams for small screen
screen
> Mobile terrestrial broadcast (DVB-H) is an “add-on” to the standard
terrestrial broadcast (DVB-T)
• Reuse of high power DVB-T transmitter + deployment of dedicated on-channel
and frequency conversion repeaters
• Additional FEC protection and introduction of Time Division Multiplexing
• New service delivery “IP based” for flexible aggregation of services
• Trials in Helsinki (Q3/04), Berlin (Q4/04), commercial limited opening in 2006
(Finland)
• Operation scenario 1, 2 or 3 SatComms B - General - B G Evans 106
Spring2005 © University of Surrey
Mobile Broadcasting will happen
• Mobile broadcasting is becoming a fact in different parts of the world
using terrestrial or satellite infrastructure
– Satellite: MBSAT for Japan and Korea (just launched), US with XM Radio
– Terrestrial: T-DAB and DVB-T deployed/selected in significant parts of the world with
mobility as target for home and vehicular usage(?). DVB-H/T-DMB initiative are natural
complement for handsets.
– 3G Cellular: Reserved for unicast, potentially multicast with limited throughput but no
real broadcast services could be offered
• Broadcast services on Handset will be a mix of Live TV and on demand
video
– Open service platform is key in the success of those services, with a seamless delivery
between broadcast and unicast/multicast services
• Mobile Operators have to assess cooperation/competition issues
between broadcast technologies and mobile network
– Clear role distribution between Broadcaster and Mobile operators is key in the success
of Mobile broadcast services

The convergence challenge
• Mobile operator and content editors/Broadcaster to find
agreement on a long list of issues
– Resources sharing
– Access to customer
– billing policy
– Sharing revenues
– Subsidizing of bi-mode terminal
– Portal content policy
– Service exclusivity
– Mobile right issues
– Infrastructure deployment and O&M, ...
• Political/regulatory issues to shape the agreement
framework
• Several Mode of Operation can be envisaged
The SDMB architecture: a
satellite overlay network for 3G
High power
Geo-stationary
Example of
umbrella cells
coverage
and beyond 3G network satellite over Europe
3G
handset
Satellite distribution
link in IMT2000 mobile
satellite band
3G Air Hub based
interface on 3G
Interactive link in equipment
IMT2000 mobile Content
terrestrial band provide
Content rs
3G Mobile Network
Network MBMS
3G Base
Broadcast/Multicast
station
Service Centre

S-DMB: key design principles
• Hybrid satellite/terrestrial architecture: Global coverage for Outdoor & Indoor usage
• Low cost impact on 3G handheld terminal
– Satellite frequencies are adjacent to IMT2000 terrestrial ones
– Satellite waveform compliant to 3GPP UTRA FDD WCDMA standard
– High reception margin, hence no form factor impact
• Concurrent evolution with 3GPP architecture
19001920 1980 20102025 2110 21702200 MHz

Terrestrial
Return link: PPDR, safety
repeaters
Satellite IMT2000 FDD European allocation integrated in 3G
Terrestrial IMT2000 FDD European allocation base stations for
Terrestrial IMT2000 TDD European allocation PUSH dense urban area
SELEC coverage
T
2G/3G HANDSET 512 Mbytes
with extended STORE
Memory card
frequency agility in
Satellite IMT2000 REPL with integrated DRM
band AY

High power GEO satellite to
accommodate 3G handheld terminal RF
characteristics
Ka band
RX Antenna
Ø < 1.2 m Ka band
TX Antenna
Ø < 1.5 m
IMT2000 Satellite band
TX/RX Antenna
Ø  12 m
Mirror or subreflector
Example of 1° Beams
• Satellite & Payload characteristics • Satellite flexibility

– 15 years Lifetime – Coverage (beam selection and
– Launch mass: up to 5900 Kg beam size)
– P/L DC power consumption: 12 kW – Power sharing among active
– beams
Up to 6 beams per satellite
– Transparent architecture towards
– EIRP (EOC): up to 76 dBW/beam over 1°
3GPP air interface (e.g. W-CDMA
& Beyond 3G waveform)

Terrestrial repeater
* RF cable to Node B antenna
Low (Signal is 3GPP TS 25.106 compliant
RF Power
Noise
filter Amplifier in IMT2000 satellite band)
Block
O&M Cellula
controlle rMode
r m
Rx antenna dish
Rx Antenna
 20-30 cm Frequency
Tx antenna
Ka band conversion Repeater
terrestrial repeater Tx antenna
Block architecture
Site sharing with
2G/3G base station site On the rooftop
* cost effective
* environment friendly:
- Antenna sharing with
NodeB possible.
- RF power ~ 10 W
Typical installation in tri-sectorised site

S-DMB enabling features in 3G user
equipment
• 3GPP & OMA features
– HW: Local memory storage
– SW
• MBMS (including Power saving management)
• Streaming service and related codecs
• Digital Right Management
• Mobile broadcast services (service discovery, service
protection, electronic service guide, etc...)
• SDMB specific
– HW: Radio frequency agility extension to IMT2000 satellite
band
19001920 1980 20102025 2110 21702200 MHz

– SW
• Reliable transport protocol (File FEC, Interleaving, Carrousel)
• Dual operation mode: SDMB reception while attached to UMTS
or GSM network
• SDMB Service management
Conclusion
• S-DMB is designed as an open infrastructure providing efficient
content delivery services to 3G mobile operators, to meet the Mobile
Video challenge
• Viable positioning compared to DVB-H in the following situations:
– Coverage at low cost focusing on Mobile video business model rather than TV
– Regulations or competitive environment blocking the Broadcasters/Mobile
operators co-operation
– Technological competition between DVB-H and UMTS
• MAESTRO is the cornerstone to demonstrate the SDMB value
proposition toward mobile industry
• Need to implement appropriate regulatory framework for 3G satellite
systems in Europe
• Paving the way for appropriate regulation in other part of the world

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Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 1

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 2

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 3

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 4

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 5

• NB. FDM/FM being replaced . Digital IDR

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 7

TRADE OFF BETWEEN POWER AND BANDWIDTH

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 8

note f is the rms deviation.

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 10

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 11

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 12

f = Fr (rms deviation of signal)

CCIR Definition S/No - pk-pk video voltage = S

Test-Tone for T.V. includes Synch tip.

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 14

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 15

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 16

(WP) is the combined weighting & pre-de-emphasis gain referred to the

Frequency characteristics of weighting networks for measuring continuous random noise

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 18

Aim for Fixed Link. S/N=45 dB. C/No=87.5 dB-MHz

Also ½ TPDR. TV. 15.75 MHz BW. 2 x TV in 36MHz

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 19

r  ratio pk - pk amp. of monochrome video to nominal amp. luminance

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 22

– Fixed losses = 0.5dB

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 26

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 27

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 28

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 29

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 30

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 31

Time division multiplex components

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 32

Sound+data TIME MOD

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 33

Sound+data TIME MOD

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 34

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 35

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 36

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 37

Subscriber Conditional Access

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 38

Toolbox for bit-rate reduction includes:

Three classes of video frame:

• I-frames, make no reference to other frames

Only P- and B-frames use temporal redundancy.

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 40

• Use motion estimation to predict the next frame.

• Operates on blocks of 8x8 pixels.

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 42

Increasing horizontal frequency

Increasing 1106 12 -22 12 4 6 2 0

Values after 52 -15 -8 1 -1 2 -2 0

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 43

DCT values after quantisation and scaling:

Increasing horizontal frequency

Spring2005 © University of Surrey SatComms B - General - B G Evans 44

• Conversion to serial data by zig-zag scanning:

• Run length coding removes long strings of zeros.

Spring2005 © University of Surrey