Antidifferentiation and

Definite Integrals

JOHN MARK T. LAMPOS

22-23 May 2017 | SLSU- Gumaca Campus

Antidifferentiation is the
inverse process of
differentiation.
Notion

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Antiderivative
A function 𝑭 is called an antiderivative
of the function 𝒇 on an interval 𝑰 if
𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) for all values of 𝒙 in 𝑰.

Every antiderivative 𝑭 of 𝒇 on the

interval 𝑰 is of the form 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪 , where
C is an arbitrary constant.

න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪 ↔ 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Verify
න(3𝑥 −2 −1 2
−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −3𝑥 −𝑥 +𝐶

We show that 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
𝑭 𝒙 = −𝟑𝒙−𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
⟹ 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙
⟹ 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Verify
2 9
𝑥 + 2𝑥
න(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
18

We show that 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 9
𝑭 𝒙 = +𝐶
18
8
9 𝑥 2 +2𝑥
⟹𝑭 𝒙 = (2𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 8 (𝑥 + 1)
18

⟹ 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Basic Antidifferentiation Theorems

න 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒏+𝟏
𝒙
න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏

න 𝒂𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 . 𝒂 ∈ ℝ

න[𝒇 𝒙 ± 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ± න 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Solve for
5 1ൗ
න 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝟓 𝟏ൗ
න 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 −𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟓 𝟏ൗ
= න 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟓 𝟏ൗ
= 𝟑 න 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 න 𝒙𝒅𝒙 − න 𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑ൗ
𝒙𝟔 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
=𝟑∙ + 𝑪𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ + 𝑪𝟐 − + 𝑪𝟑
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑ൗ
𝟐
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Solve for
5 1ൗ
න 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝟓 𝟏ൗ
න 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 −𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑ൗ
𝒙𝟔 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
=𝟑∙ + 𝑪𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ + 𝑪𝟐 − + 𝑪𝟑
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑ൗ
𝟑ൗ 𝟐
𝟔
𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
= + 𝟑𝑪𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝑪𝟐 − − 𝑪𝟑
𝟐 𝟑
𝟔 𝟑ൗ
𝒙 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
= +𝒙 − +𝑪
𝟐 𝟑
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Solve for
5 3
න 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝟑
𝟓
න 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝟏ൗ 𝟏ൗ
=න 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑ൗ 𝟒ൗ
𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝟑
=𝟐∙ +𝟑∙ −𝟓∙ +𝑪
𝟑ൗ 𝟒ൗ −𝟏
𝟐 𝟑
𝟑ൗ 𝟒ൗ
𝟒𝒙 𝟐 𝟗𝒙 𝟑 𝟓
= + + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟒 𝒙
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Let 𝒈 be a differentiable function

whose range includes the interval 𝑰. If
𝒇 is a function defined on 𝑰 and 𝑭 is an
antiderivative of 𝒇 on 𝑰, then

න 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙 𝒈′ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒈 𝒙 +𝑪

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Evaluate
3
න 3𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑥

𝟑 𝟏ൗ
න 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒅𝒙 ⇒ = 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟏ൗ 𝟏ൗ 𝒅𝒖
⇒ න 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = න𝒖 𝟑
𝟑
𝟒ൗ 𝟒ൗ
𝟏 𝟏ൗ 𝟏 𝒖 𝟑
𝒖 𝟑
= න 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = ∙
𝟑 +𝑪 = + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑 ൗ𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Evaluate
3
න 3𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑥

𝟑
න 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒅𝒙 ⇒ = 𝒅𝒙
𝟒ൗ
𝟑
𝟏ൗ 𝒖 𝟑
⇒ න 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟒
𝟒ൗ
(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟒
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Evaluate
3 4
න 𝑥 4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 2

𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
න 𝒙 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
Let 𝒖 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒
𝟒 𝟑
= 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
⇒ න 𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒖𝟐 ∙ = න 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝒖𝟑 (𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏)𝟑
= +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟒𝟖 𝟒𝟖
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
The Second Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus

Let the function 𝒇 be continuous on the

closed interval [𝒂, 𝒃] and 𝑭 be an
antiderivative of 𝒇 on the interval [𝒂, 𝒃].
Then

𝒃 𝒃
න 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 ቚ = 𝑭 𝒃 − 𝑭 𝒂
𝒂 𝒂

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals

Evaluate
5
න 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
−2

න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟓
⇒න 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙ቚ
−𝟐 −𝟐

= 𝟓𝟑 + 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟓 − −𝟐 𝟑 + −𝟐 𝟐
− −𝟐
= 𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟓 − −𝟖 + 𝟒 + 𝟐
= 𝟏𝟒𝟓 − −𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Evaluate
2
2
න 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
0
𝟏ൗ
න 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝟐
𝟑
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ = 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟑
𝟑
𝟏 ൗ𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝒖
⟹ න 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒖 ൗ𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝟑 𝟗
𝟑ൗ 𝟑
𝟑
𝟐(𝒙 +𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
= +𝑪 = +𝑪
𝟗 𝟗
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Evaluate
2
2
න 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
0
𝟑
𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
න 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟗 𝟐
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 ቮ
⇒ න 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟗 𝟎
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎𝟑 + 𝟏
= −
𝟗 𝟗
Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals
Evaluate
2
2
න 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
0
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎𝟑 + 𝟏
= −
𝟗 𝟗
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
= − = −
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗
𝟓𝟒 𝟐 𝟓𝟐
= − =
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

Antidifferentiation and Definite Integrals