• UNAIDS (United Nations agency that coordinates activities

to combat the epidemic) dan WHO (World Health

Organization) menghitung bahwa lebih dari 30 juta orang
hidup terinfeksi dengan HIV pada akhir tahun 1997.
• 2.3 juta orang meninggal karena AIDS pada tahun 1997
• Pada tahun 2000, UNAIDS memperkirakan 50 juta orang
akan terinfeksi HIV/AIDS (insert fact)
• Lebih dari 90% pengidap HIV/AIDS tinggal di negara
berkembang
• 46% korban yang meninggal adalah wanita di usia dewasa
• 460.000 diantara total jumlah kematian akibat HIV/AIDS
adalah anak-anak
• AIDS adalah sebuah syndrome –penyakit
serangkaian gejala.
• AIDS menularkan virusnya melalui darah, air mani
dan sekresi vagina.
• AIDS menghancurkan imun tubuh untuk melawan
infeksi.
• Terdapat “latency period” dimana sang pengidap
AIDS tidak menyadari bahwa ia terkena AIDS
dikarenakan tidak adanya atau sedikitnya tanda-
tanda ia terjangkit AIDS.
 AIDS AND HIV DISTINGUISHED
• It is important to make a clear distinction
between someone being HIV positive (which
means that they are infected and that their
blood when tested with two standard tests
reacts positively) and someone being ill with
AIDS (which means that they are exhibiting a
number of clinical symptoms that indicate that
the virus has affected the ability of their body
to fight infections to which it would normally
be resistant)
• In some countries, HIV/AIDS will reverse the declines in
infant and child mortality rates observed over recent years,
will slow population growth rates, and will mean negative
growth rates for some countries (particularly Botswana,
Zimbabwe and Guyana); and life expectancies will decline
(Stanecki and Way 1997)
• In Asia and Africa, the time between onset of illness and
death is anything between a few months and two years.
This is a shorter survival time than that found typically in
Western Europe and North AmericaIn Asia and Africa, the
time between onset of illness and death is anything
between a few months and two years. This is a shorter
survival time than that found typically in Western Europe
and North America
• the World Bank has estimated that the
epidemic is likely to decrease the rate at which
GDP increases and the rate of growth of per
capita income
• the costs of nursing AIDS victims combined
with disappearance of the family has led to a
state of utter poverty where life is sustained at
a bare minimum.
• it affects those who are most likely to (1) be sexually active and (2) have
many sexual partners or have sex with somebody who is likely to have sex
with many sexual partners. Evidence shows that this includes people in
the age range 15–50, the ‘sexually active’ age group. Another group that is
likely to be exposed to infection is children born of mothers who are HIV-
positive. These children contract the disease during birth. About 50 per
cent of children born to HIV-positive mothers will test HIVpositive and
about 50 per cent of these will progress to develop AIDS.
• Poorer countries have higher rates of infection than do rich countries;
poorer people within po countries have higher rates of infection than do
the better off; and finally, in some cases it is true to say that poorer people
in rich countries have higher rates than do wealthier people.
• World Bank to conclude that: For the average developing country a $2000
increase in per capita income is associated with a reduction of about 4
percentage points in the HIV infection rate of urban adults. Reducing the
index of inequality from 0.5 to 0.4, the difference in inequality between.
PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE
EPIDEMIC
• In considering this question, it is important to
distinguish between the impact in poor and rich
countries and in poor and rich communities in each of
these. It is also necessary to distinguish between
impact as measured by economists using conventional
measures of economic output, growth and well-being,
and other measures and other approaches to these
questions.
• Rich countries have smaller epidemics than do poor
countries and are more able to deal with the
consequences in terms of both the costs of medical
care and the longer term economic and social costs
associated with excess illness and death.
supported by Table 39.1, which shows
the global and regional distribution of
AIDS cases.
• The social sciences, including geography, can
build on this knowledge and analysis to indicate
the particular and specific nature of those
epidemic processes. Such research can tease out
the specific social, cultural, locational and
economic characteristics of populations that
expose them to increased riskof infection—that is
the particularnature of their risk. It can also
provide a second level of analysis, which further
explores the specificand unique group
characteristics that place a population subgroup
at risk or that identifies it as having special needs.