Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ports
Contents
• Definition: Harbor, Port
• Site selection of Harbor
• Ports
• Factors to be considered in design and
location of harbor
Definition
• Harbour: A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a body of water
where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy
weather, or else are stored for future use.
• Harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor has
constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or otherwise, they
could have been constructed by dredging, and these require
maintenance by further periodic dredging.
• In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by
prominences of land.
• Harbors and ports are often confused with each other. A port is a
facility for loading and unloading vessels; ports are usually
located in harbors.
Artificial Harbor
Crest
Wave
Height
Still Water
Trough
Wave Parts
Wave Action
• The size of a wave depends on its fetch. The fetch is the distance a
wave travels. The greater the fetch, the larger the wave. Wind also
has a significant effect on the size of waves. The stronger the wind
the larger the wave.
• As a wave approaches a beach it slows. This is the result of friction
between the water and the beach. This causes a wave to break.
Wave Action
Fetch = area of ocean or lake surface over which the wind blows in an essentially constant
direction, thus generating waves. The term also is used as a synonym for fetch length, which is
the horizontal distance over which wave-generating winds blow.
Constructive Waves
• Constructive waves build beaches. Each wave is low.
As the wave breaks it carries material up the beach in
its swash. The beach material will then be deposited as
the backwash soaks into the sand or slowly drains
away. These waves are most common in summer.
Destructive Waves
• Destructive waves destroy beaches. The waves are usually
very high and very frequent. The back wash has less time to
soak into the sand. As waves continue to hit the beach there
is more running water to transport the material out to sea.
these waves are most common in winter.
Wave Movement
• When a wave breaks against the
shore, the crest outruns the trough
and the crest collapses.
• In this case, water does move
forward and backward.
Wave Action
• A seawave when breaking against an obstacle
or structure gives rise to various important
forces as;
– A direct Hz Force causing compression
– A deflected Vt force tending to shear away any
projections on the face of wall
– A downward Vt force due to collapse of the wave,
which tends to distrub the foundation of sea bed.
– A suction due to return of the water after striking.
Wave Action(cont’d)
• Theoretical evaluation of these forces is
practically impossible. So a few factors are
considered to guide for construction of sea
structures
– Dynamic effect of wave action
– Air compression
– Water hammer
Dynamic effect of wave action
• The reaction of a surface subjected to
continued impacts could be measured by the
rate of destruction of the momentum,
– Mass of water impinging on unit surface = w.v/g
– Rate of dissipation of momentum = w.v.v/g
– Therefore, reaction of the surface on which wave
strikes = w.v.v/g = p
W = weight of unit volume of water, v = velocity of
waves, g = gravitational acceleration.
Dynamic effect of wave action( Deep waters)
Quay
Jetties
• Jetties are long dams or groynes extending into the sea for
hundreds to thousands of metres. They are designed to make
harbour entrances navigable for large ships. The idea is that the
current of the outgoing tide becomes strong and focussed enough
(a jet) to gouge a deep entrance channel between the jetties.
Jetties
Piers
• A pier is a raised structure, including bridge and
building supports and walkways, typically
supported by widely spread piles or pillars. The
lighter structure of a pier allows tides and
currents to flow almost unhindered, whereas
the more solid foundations of a quay or the
closely spaced piles of a wharf can act as a
breakwater, and are consequently more liable
to silting.
Breakwater
• A breakwater is a structure constructed for the purpose of
forming an artificial harbour with a basin so protected
from the effect of waves as to provide safe berthing for
fishing vessels
• Breakwaters are required for the protection of artificial
and semi-natural harbors. Their location and extent will
depend upon:
– The direction of the maximum waves.
– The configuration of the shore line.
– The minimum size of the harbor required for the anticipated
traffic in the port.
Types of Breakwater
• There are two main types of fixed
breakwaters, the mound type and the wall
(vertical) type
• Mound type include (1) natural rock, (2)
concrete block, (3) a combination of rock and
concrete block, and (4) concrete shapes such
as tetra pods, quadrupeds and others.
Types of Breakwater (Cont’d)
• Vertical type of Breakwater includes
– 1) concrete-block gravity walls,
– 2) concrete caissons,
– 3) rock-filled sheet pile walls,
– 4) Concrete or steel-pile walls.
• The type of breakwaters is usually determined by:
– 1) The availability of materials at or near the site.
– 2) The depth of water.
– 3) The condition of the sea bottom.
– 4) The function of the breakwater in the harbor.
– 5) The equipment suitable and available for its
construction.
• Vertical solid breakwaters are only suitable when the foundation is a firm
surface (rock, stiff clay, coral reef); thick sand deposits may also be suitable
under certain conditions.
• The core of a solid breakwater should be cast in concrete; not more than 50
percent of this concrete may be replaced by pieces of rock or “plums”.
Vertical Type Breakwater
Comparison of Breakwater types
Breakwater to protect shore
Breakwater to protect shore
Brighton Marina was constructed in the open sea, from precast concrete caissons sunk to
the seabed, in the early 1970s. The Marina now supports high quality residential property
and various retail and leisure units. It has a large pleasure craft mooring facility; fishing and
dive boats also operate out of the Marina
Docks
• Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships, to
keep them afloat at a uniform level, to
facilitate loading and unloading of cargo.
• Docks are classified into two categories:
– Wet docks
– Dry docks
Wet Docks
• A wet dock or impounded dock is a Dock in
which the water is impounded either by dock
gates or by a lock, thus allowing ships to remain
afloat at low tide in places with high tidal ranges.
• The level of water in the dock is maintained
despite the raising and lowering of the tide. This
makes transfer of cargo easier.
• It works like a lock which controls the water level
and allows passage of ships
Dry Docks
• A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can
be flooded to allow a load to be floated in,
then drained to allow that load to come to
rest on a dry platform.
• Dry docks are used for the construction,
maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and
other watercraft
Types of Dry Docks
• Graving Dock
• Marine railway Dock
• Floating Dock
Graving Dock
Graving Dock
Graving Dock
Graving Dock
• The graving dock, is a narrow basin,
usually made of earthen berms and
concrete, closed by gates , into which
a vessel may be floated and the
water pumped out, leaving the vessel
supported on blocks.
• The keel blocks as well as the bilge
block are placed on the floor of the
dock in accordance with the "docking
plan" of the ship. More routine use
of dry docks is for the cleaning
(removal of barnacles and rust) and
re-painting of ship's hulls.
Graving Dock
Advantages
• It can accommodate bigger size vessels when compared to other dry docking
systems
• It is cheaper for dry-docking a similar sized vessel as compared to other types
• The graving dry dock can be used to perform retrofitting, modification etc.
which is difficult to achieve in other types
• The supply of spares, machinery, services to graving dock is very much
accessible due to its location-based near the land
• New advanced graving docks have welding, hot-work and other workshop
located inside the dock in an elevated surface (above the water surface when
the dock is filled) giving quick access and workflow in the dock
• A bigger graving dock can be used to repair more than two ships at a time
and some modern graving docks have two gates at both ends, making it
easier to repair and re-float the ships independently
Disadvantages
• When re-flooding the dock, all the machinery and equipment
needs to be taken out from the dock, which takes time.
• The maintenance cost of the graving dock increases as per the age
of the dock and becomes very high.
• Any problem with the dock gate will make the whole dock non-
operational
• The docking and undocking process in the graving dock takes time
as compare to other types
• If the dock holds multiple ships for repair, the complete operation
needs to be stopped if any one of the vessels needs to be taken
out of the dry dock as it will require filling of water for refloating
Marine railway
• A marine railway is a mechanical means of
hoisting a ship out of the water along an
inclined plane.
• Lift capacities range from 100 to 6,000 tons.
Theoretically, even larger sizes are possible,
but generally the floating dock becomes a
more economical alternative
Advantages
• Low initial construction cost
• Fast operating
• The track slope can fit the natural slope of the
shore in many cases. This eliminates or reduces
dredging or bulk-heading requirements.
• Vessels can be transferred to and from the shore
relatively easily.
• Vessels longer than the dock cradle can be
docked by overhanging the bow and/or stern.
Disadvantages
• The track is a fixed structure and cannot be
moved easily. This makes it harder to sell, thus
harder to finance.
• It is a mechanical system that requires
periodic replacement of some moving parts
(hauling chains, rollers, etc.)
• Underwater maintenance is required.
• The vessels can damage the track.
Floating Dock
• A floating dock is a steel, iron or timber floating construction
designed to raise ships out of the water, that their under-water
portions may be inspected and, if need be, painted or repaired.
• A Floating Dry Dock is basically a structure capable of being
submerged by the admission of water to its interior
compartments, at which stage a ship is floated into position
over a properly predisposed area of the submerged dock.
• The structure is then raised by the removal or pumping out the
water from its interior compartments. In this manner the ship is
lifted above the surface of the water so that work may be
performed on its bottom
Advantages
• They can be propelled to the location of a salvage vessel near the
harbour
• They are cheaper to maintain as compare to graving docks and can get a
higher resalable return
• They can be installed near or away from the shore inside the harbour,
making them a portable and space-saving structure without taking space
of the shore facility
• Additional mooring equipment is needed for the floating dock to make it
stable
• The floating dry dock can be altered and increased in size in all
dimensions by extensive retrofitting/ rebuilding
• They can also be split into two different floating docks independent of
each other
Disadvantages
• The supply of store, equipment, and manpower
is usually done from one access point gangway
which makes the operation slow
• The floating dry dock operation will effect if
there are tides or during windy weather
• When re-flooding the dock, all the machinery
and equipment needs are to be taken out from
the dock which takes time