Lubricants Fundamentals Ioci

Fundamentals
of
Lubrication
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION

LTD
ASPERITIES
3 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI
Types of lubrication
 BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
 ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
 MIXED FILM LUBRICATION
Boundary Lubrication
 HIGH ADHESIVENESS  HIGH LUBRICITY OR OILINESS

 HIGH FILM STRENGTH  PROPER VISCOSITY OR CONSISTENCY
Fluid Film Lubrication
 Excellent chemical stability

 Ability to separate from water , dust and other
contaminants
 Reasonable degree of lubricity, adhesiveness and film
strength
Mixed Film Lubrication
Elasto - Hydrodynamic Lubrication
LUBRICANT
• Lubricant can be defined as any material, when interposed between

two surfaces in rubbing contact, is capable of reducing friction.
LUBRICANT = BASE OIL + ADDITIVE

ADDITIVES
Lubricant Additive can be defined as any speciality

chemical which when blended into a base oil,
imparts or modifies its properties.
- Careful balance of both base oils and the

performance enhancing additives goes in
designing a lubricant which is a complex and
complicated task.
FORMULATOR IS A WIZARD OF CHEMISTRY
Correct lubrication
is RIGHT LUBRICANT
RIGHT PLACE
RIGHT TIME
&
IN RIGHT MANNER
What are the other functions of lubricants ???

FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICANTS
• Friction & wear control
• Contaminant control
• Corrosion control
• Heat transfer
• Conserves Energy
LUBE OIL
Anticorrosion
Antioxidant Antifoam
Anti-wear BASE OIL VI Improvers
Detergents &
Dispersants PPDs
Demulsibility
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICATING OILS
CRANKCASE OILS
1. SAE ENGINE OIL CLASSIFICATIONS
2. API ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS
3. ILSAC ENGINE OIL CLASSIFICATION
4. CCMC CLASSIFICATION
5. ACEA CLASSIFICATION
6. US MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
7. IS SPECIFICSATIONS
GEAR OILS
1. SAE GEAR OIL CLASSIFICATION
2. API SERVICE DESIGNATION
3. U.S MILITARY DESIGNATION
4. UK DEFENCE SPECIFICATIONS
5. IS SPECIFICATIONS
ENGINE OILS
SAE VISCOSITY GRADES CLASSIFICATION
SAE VISCOSITY LOW TEMP (deg. C) BORDERLINE KIN. VISCOSITY

GRADE VISCOSITY (cP) PUMPING TEMP at 100 deg C
MAX (deg C) MIN MAX
0W 3250 at ( - ) 30 ( - ) 35 3.8 -
5W 3500 at ( - ) 25 ( - ) 30 3.8 -
10W 3500 at ( - ) 20 ( - ) 25 4.1 -
15W 3500 at ( - ) 15 ( - ) 20 5.6 -
20W 4500 at ( - ) 10 ( - ) 15 5.6 -
25W 6000 at ( - ) 5 ( - ) 10 9.3 -
20 - - 5.6 < 9.3
30 - - 9.3 < 12.5
40 - - 12.5 < 16.3
50 - - 16.3 < 21.9
60 - - 21.9 < 26.1
GEAR OILS
SAE CLASSIFICATIONS
SAE VISCOSITY MIN TEMP (deg C) VISCOSITY at 100 deg C

GRADE FOR VISCOSITY OF (cSts)
150 cP MIN MAX
70W ( - ) 55 4.1 -
75W ( - ) 40 4.1 -
80W ( - ) 26 7.0 -
85W ( - ) 12 11.0 -
90 - 13.5 24
140 - 24.0 41
250 - 41.0 -
GEAR OIL
API SERVICE CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION TYPE APPLICATION SERVO' GRADES
GL-1 STRAIGHT MINERAL OIL AUTOMOTIVE MANUAL

TRANSMISSION SERVO GEAR SM
(TRACTORS & TRUCKS)
GL-2 CONTAINS FATTY WORM GEAR DRIVES -

MATERIALS INDUSTRIAL GEAR OIL
GL-3 CONTAINS MILD SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS -

EP ADDITIVES 9NOT WIDELY USED)
GL- 4 MIL - L- 2105 SPEC SPIRAL BEVELS & HYPOID GEARS SERVO GEAR HP
50 % OF GL5 ADDITIVE LEVEL UNDER MODERATE CONDS SERIES
GL - 5 MIL - L- 2105D SPEC

RECOMMENDATION FOR MODERATE AND SEVERE SERVO GEAR
MOST PASSENGER CARS CONDITIONS SUPER SERIES
AND TRUCK BUILDERS
GL-6 TECHNICALLY OBSOLETE FOR SERVICE CONDITIONS REQUIRING

MORE ANTI-SCORING PROTECTION -
THAN PROVIDED BY GL-5
INDUSTRIAL OILS
International Organisation for Standards

Viscosity grade
ISOVG
CLASSIFICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL OILS
ISOVG CLASSIFICATIONS
ISO VISCOSITY (cSts) ISO VISCOSITY (cSts)

GRADE RANGE AT 40 deg C GRADE RANGE AT 40 deg C
2 1.98 -2.42 68 61.2 - 74.8

3 2.88 - 3.52 100 90 - 110
5 4.14 - 5.06 150 135 - 165
7 6.12 - 7.48 220 198 - 242
10 9.00 - 11.0 320 288 - 352
15 13.5 - 16.5 460 414 - 506
22 19.8 - 24.2 680 612 - 748
32 28.8 - 35.2 1000 900 - 1100
46 41.4 - 50.6 1500 1350 - 1650
CLASSIFICATION OF GREASES
BASED ON CONSISTANCY ( NLGI NO)
NLGI ASTM PENITRATION
GRADE 60 STROKES
000 445 - 475
00 400 - 430
0 355 - 385
1 310 - 340
2 265 - 295
3 220 - 250
4 175 - 205
5 130 - 160
6 085 - 115
AS NLGI GRADE DECREASES, GREASE WILL BE SOFTER
DIFFERENT OILS
 AUTOMOTIVE OILS
 INDUSTRIAL OILS
 SPECIALITY OILS
 GREASES
 TRANSFORMER OILS

OILS BEING USED
 ENGINEOIL-CF4/ CH4
 HYDRAULICOILS -SYSTEM OILS
 RAILROAD OILS
 AUTO-HYDRAULIC OILS- ULTRA SERIES
 GEAR OILS- MESH , SYNTHETIC, MESH
PLUS
 TURBINE OILS- PRIME SERIES

OILS BEING USED-
 GREASES – GEM SERIES

 GENERAL MCHINERY-LUBREX 22
 FIRERESISTANT-HFB68/ HFDU68

FUNCTIONS OF ENGINE OIL
 REDUCE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

 PROTECT AGAINST CORROSION & WEAR
 ASSIST SEALING
 ACT AS A COOLANT
 KEEP THE SLUDGE IN SUSPENSION

ENGINE PARTS LUBRICATED
 main bearings
 connecting rod bearings
 cylinders, pistons and rings
 camshaft bearings
 cams and valve tappets
 timing gears
 valve gears

ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 one or more oil pumps
 outlet relief valves
 internal and external ducts for conveying the
oil under pressure to the points requiring
lubrication.
 oil filteration system
 oil cooling system

Engine Principles and Layout
Rocker Arm
Valve
Push Rod
Valve Lifter
Camshaft
Cams
Timing Gears
APR1 19
Engines and Lubrication
Approximate Temperature of Internal Surfaces
Area of the Engine Temperature Range (OC)
Exhaust Valve Head 650-730

Exhaust Valve Stem 635-675
Combustion Chamber Gases 2300-2500
Combustion Chamber Wall 204-260
Piston Crown 204-426
Piston Rings 149-315
Piston (Wrist) Pin 120-230
Piston Skirt 93-204
Top Cylinder Wall 93-371
Bottom Cylinder Wall Up to 149
Main Bearings Up to 177
Connecting Rod Bearings 93-204

ENGINE LUBRICATION
MECHANISM
 thick film lubrication (bearings)
 mixed film lubrication (piston skirt)
 boundary lubrication (top ring zone area)

Performance Categories
API Performance Categories for
Diesel Engine Oils
Category Service Definition
CI-4 2002 Low Emission, Four Stroke Engine
with EGR and Low Sulfur Fuel
Heavy CH-4 1998 Low Emission, Four Stroke Engine
Duty Both High and Low Sulfur Fuel
CG-4 1994 Low Emission, Four-Stroke Engines
Using 0.05% Sulfur Fuel
CF-4 1991 Low Emission Engines
CF-2 Severe Duty Two-Stroke Cycle Engines
CF Turbocharged Engines or High Sulfur Fuel
Obsolete CE 1983 and Later Turbocharged Engines

CD-II Two-Stroke Cycle Engines
CD Turbocharged Engines or High Sulfur Fuel
CC Moderate Duty - Diesel and Gasoline
CB Moderate Duty or High Sulfur Fuel
CA Light Duty, Low Sulfur Fuel
35 12-19-01 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI HD4 2

Performance Categories
Relative Performance of Each API Category
Used Oil Oxidation
Viscometrics
Oil Aeration
Sludge Shear Stability
CI-4
Ring and CH-4
Filter Plugging
Liner Wear CG-4
CF-4
Oil CF
Consumption Piston Deposits
Valvetrain Corrosion
Wear Soot
Thickening
36 12-19-01 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI HD4 379
SERVO DIESEL ENGINE OILS
 Servo Pride 30 / 40
 Servo Pride Super 15W40
 Servo Premium CF4 15W40
 Servo Pride XL( CH4) 15W40
 Servo Pride Supreme ( CI4) 15W40

SYSTEM OILS
 USAGE OF SYSTEM HLP OILS

 SUPERIOR IN OXIDATION LEVELS
 GROUP- II BASED OILS
 LONGER LIFE OILS
 REDUCTION OF GRADES AND INTER
MIXING
 BETTER DEMULSIBILTY CHARACTERS

ADVANTAGES OF RR606 MG
 CYLINDER LINER WEAR REDUCED BY 13.3%

 PISTON RING WEAR REDUCED BY 7%
 CONNECTING ROD BEARING WEIGHTLOSSIS
IS 44% LOWER
 CARBON DEPOSIT REDUCED BY 21%
 SFC REDUCED BY 3%
 HIGHER TBN LIFE MEANS LOWER LUBE OIL
CONSUMPTION
SAVINGS BY RR606MG
 SFC IS 2.6-3.0 LTRS/ 100KM FROM 4-5
LTRS/100 KM
 CONSUMPTION 15YEARS BACK- 25000 KL
 ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION- 32000KL
 ACTUAL CURRENTCONSUMPTION-17500KL
SAVINGS ON ACCOUNT OF LUBE OIL- 6400KL

APPROXIMATE VALUE- Rs 64 crore
SAVINGS ON FUEL IS 5% OF100000 MT
APPROXIMATE VALUE IS –Rs 450 Crore

NEW GENERATION OILS
 RR 606MG PLUS- LUDHIANA
 RR 606MG ALTERANATE VII- JHANSI
 RR 520 MG

RR 606 MG PLUS& VII SERIES
 TO FURTHER REDUCE SFC, SLC
 TO SUSTAIN HIGHER LOADS
 LONGER DRAIN PERIODS
 HIGHER TBN RETENTION VALUES
 ASH LESS ADDITIVES
Since trial is under progress detailed data is

not available

ULTRA SERIES OF OILS
 ENHANCE THE DRAIN PERIOD

 CURRENT RECOMMENDED IS 1000 HRS
 DRAIN PERIOD TO BE INCREASED TO 1800
HRS

GEAR OILS- MESH SERIES
 SHIFTED TO SYNGEAR OIL- SYTHETIC

OILS
 CURRENT OTHER GRADES USED IN MESH
SP OILS
 RECOMMENDED IS SERVO MESH PLUS
SERIES OILS – ANTI MICRO PITTING OILS-
SEMI SYNTHETIC OILS

MICROPITTING
 A new form of tooth surface wear
 Conventional gear oils are inadequate to control this type of
wear under severe operating conditions
 Characterized by the presence of fine surface pits, showing
Fractured lower surfaces
 Driving stress for micro pitting arises from the Roughness
of the gear surfaces
 Therefore, surface roughness & lubricant additives have an
important impact
MICROPITTING IS AN UNIFORM ROLLING CONTACT

FATIGUE WEAR PHENOMENON, OBSERVED IN CASE
OF HARDENED GEARS, OPERATING UNDER MIXED OR
BOUNDARY LUBRICATION REGIMES
SERVOMESH PLUS
• Anti micro pitting resistant industrial gear oils
• Carefully blended with HVI solvent neutral base stocks
• Optimized with tailor made additive package to ensure many
other performance parameters of S-P series oils in addition to
superior antimicropitting and wear protections
• Protects against scuffing without promoting corrosive wear and
fatigue failures
• Passes through special micro pitting tests
THE OILS ARE APPROVED BY M/S FLENDER AG OF GERMANY

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN ISOVG GRADES OF 220 / 320/460
TURBINE OILS- PRIME OILS
 IMPROVEMENT DONE IS INDEGENIOUS
BASE OIL STOCKS
 SULPHUR % IS THE ORDER OF 200 ppm
AGAINST IMPORTED STOCKS OF 2000 ppm
 SEMI-SYNTHETIC IN NATURE
 SATURATES % IS HIGH LOWER OXIDATION
LEVELS
 LESS OF ELEMENTAL- METALS

GREASES
 SERVO GREASE WR2- WATER RESISTANCE

 SERVO PLEX SHC 120- SYNTHETIC GREASE
 SERVO CHAIN TEXT- SYNTHETIC OILS – HIGH
TEMPERATURE
 SERVO CHAIN KOTE – CHAIN LUBRICATION

TRANSFORMER OILS
 SERVO ELECTRA
 BIS335-1993 SPECIFICATION. Approved by
Central power research institution (CPRI)
 NON CONVENTIONAL-ACID TREATMENT
 Hydro Catalytic Techniques, which resulted in
high quality base oil with inherent property of
low pour point, and superior Hydrophobic

TRANSFORMER OIL
Kinematic Vis. @ 400 C : 14.84

Density : 0.835
Flash Point : 165 Min.
Pour point : (-)10 min
Interfacial tension,N/m : 0.050 min
Neutalisation value,TAN : nil
Corrosive sulphur : non corrosive
BD Voltage,ms,KV : 71
Di electic, dissipation factor : 0.0001
TRANSFORMER OIL
Specific resistance 1012 : 3920 (ohm @27

degreeC)
OXIDATION STABILITY :0.01mgKOH/gm
Water content ppm : 14
 GASSING TENDENCY IS 1/3 RD OF THE NORMAL

CONVENTIONAL OILS

DISPOSAL OF OILS
 BURNING
 INCERENATING
 BURYING UNDER GROUND

FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Lubrication is any procedure that has the

effect of reducing friction and wear
 Friction
–resistance to motion encountered
during sliding
 Wear
– loss or destruction of surface
material
History
• Egyptians used fluids to lubricate

sledges as early as 2400 B.C.
• Natural oils widely used as
lubricants up to the 19th Century
• Mineral oils introduced during
19th century (industrial revolution)
• Additives and synthetic lubricants
introduced during the 20th Century,
particularly after World War II

CAUSES OF FRICTION
 Molecular attraction between bodies in contact

 Interlocking of the opposing surface
irregularities
 Surface waviness

TYPES OF FRICTION
 Static
 Kinetic...................
 Rolling............................................

FRICTION & WEAR
Friction regime Coefficient of Friction Wear
Dry Friction (Sliding) 0.3 high
Dry Friction (Rolling) 0.005 very low
Mixed friction (rolling) 0.005 - 0.3 noticeable
Fluid friction 0.005 - 0.1 practically zero

MODES OF LUBRICATION
 HYDRODYNAMIC
 MIXED FILM
 ELASTO HYDRODYNAMIC
 BOUNDARY

Hydrodynamic
Moving Surface
Hydrodynamic Pressure
Stationary Surface
Liquid ‘wedge’ formed under the inclined plate causes lift

Hydrodynamic
Low Load
high speed
laminar
flow
static
Lubricant film thickness greater than surface asperities

Mixed
High load
Low speed
Some surface contact
Lubricant film thickness of similar order to surface asperities

Elasto-hydrodynamic
W
“Model” Gear
tooth surfaces
Unloaded
W
Loaded
Very thin layer of oil

Example:
Elastic deformation under extreme
Loaded Gears
of gear tooth surfaces pressure
Boundary
Very High Load
Very low speed
Lubricant Film
Surface Contact
Lubricant film thickness less than surface asperities

Lubrication Regimes
Boundary
Lubrication
Coefficient of Friction
1.0 Mixed Lubrication
0.1
0.01
0.001
Full Fluid Film
0.0001 Lubrication
1 10 100 1,000 100,000
ZN/P
Z= Viscosity N= Speed P= Pressure

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF A LUBRICANT
 Reduce Friction
 Reduce Wear
 Removal of Heat ( Due to Frictional Work,
Combustion Heat)

IMPORTANT PROPERTIES
 Proper fluidity under operating conditions
 Film strength to withstand loads
 Chemical Stability
 Lubricity or oiliness or slipperiness to the
degree required
 Adhesiveness to bearing surfaces
 Purity , freedom from contaminants
 Noncorrosive characterstics

IMPORTANT PROPERTIES
 Rust proofing capability
 Resistance to water washout
 Resistance to foaming
 Good sealing properties
 Low change in fluidity due to change in temperatures
 Fire resistance
 Low volatility
 Good emulsifying qualities
 Availability at reasonable cost

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
 PHYSICAL STATE
 SOLID : Graphite Powder , Molebdenum
disulphide , Talc
 Liquid: Mineral Oils, Vegetable Oils, Synthetic
Oils
 Gases : Air, Helium, Carbon dioxide
 Plastics: Greases

APPLICATIONS
 Gases : Lighter bearings like gyroscopes , Rotating
mount of large telescopes
 Solids: They are used of extreme conditions of
temperature, vacuum, loads & nuclear radiations.
 Liquids: For most of the Industrial & Automotive
application mineral oil based lubricants are used.
 Greases: Greases are used for those applications
where liquids do not stay in place.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
APPLICATION
 Engine Oils
 Gear Oils
 Hydraulic Oils
 Compressor Oils
 Turbine Oils
 Cutting Oils
 Circulation bearing oils

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS BASED ON VISCOSITY
 SAE Classification for Automotive Engine Oils

& Gear Oils
 ISO VG Classification for Industrial Oils
 NLGI Classification for Greases

SAE CLASSIFICATION - ENGINE OILS

SAE CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE GEAR OILS
SAE VISCOSITY MIN TEMP FOR VISC AT 100°C

GRADE VISC OF 150000 cSt
cP °C
MINIMUM MAXIMUM
70W -55 4.1 -

75W -40 4.1 -
80W -26 7.0 -
85W -12 11.0 -
90 - 13.5 24.0
140 - 24.0 41.0
250 - 41.0 -
78 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMIT

ISO VG CLASSIFICATION
ISO Midpoint Viscosity Limit cSt ISO Midpoint Viscosity Limit cSt
cSt @ o o
Visosity @ 40 C Viscosity cSt @ @ 40 C
o o
Grade 40 C Grade 40 C
Min. Max. Min. Max.
2 2.2 1.98 2.42 68 68 61.20 74.80
3 3.2 2.88 3.52 100 100 90.00 110.00
5 4.6 4.14 5.06 150 150 135.00 165.00
7 6.8 6.12 7.48 220 220 198.00 242.00
10 10.0 9.00 11.00 320 320 288.00 352.00
15 15.0 13.50 16.50 460 460 414.00 506.00
22 22.0 19.80 24.20 680 680 612.00 748.00
32 32.0 28.80 35.20 1000 1000 900.00 1100.00
46 46.0 41.40 50.60 1500 1500 1350.00 1650.00

NLGI CLASSIFICATION
o
NLGI No. ASTM Penetration at 25 C
000 445-475
00 400-430
0 355-385
1 310-340
2 265-295
3 220-250
4 175-205
5 130-160
6 84-115
80 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMIT
HOW LUBRICANTS ARE MADE
BASE OIL Additives
 ADDITIVES: Detergents,Dispersants,Oxidation Inhibitors,VI

Improvers,Antifoam,Antiwear

BASE OIL PRODUCTION
 Base oils are produced from crude Oil.

 Distillation is done to adjust viscosity & flash point
 Refining to improve aging tendency & VT
Charactersitics
 Dewaxing is done to improve low- temperature
properties.
 Base Oils & Additives blended together to get required
properties for a specific application.

SERVO NOMENCLATURE
 SERVOPRIME – FOR
TURBINES ( PRIME MOVER)
 SERVOSYSTEM- FOR
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
 SERVOMESH – FOR
INDUSTRIAL GEARS
 SERVOPRESS- FOR
COMPRESSORS
 SERVOSPIN – FOR
TEXTILE/GRINDING HIGH
SPEED SPINDLES
 SERVOSTEEL – FOR STEEL INDUSTRY BEARINGS
 SERVOFRIZ – FOR REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR
 SERVONEUM FOR PNEUMATIC TOOLS
 SERVOWAY- FOR MACHINE TOOL GUIDE WAYS
 SERVOCYL FOR STEAM CYLINDER
 SERVO SM FOR SUGAR MILL BEARINGS
 SERVOSHAFT FOR MARINE SHAFT BEARINGS

SERVO NOMENCLATURE
 SERVOCUT FOR CUTTING – CUTTING FLUIDS

 SERVOTHERM FOR HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS
 SERVOQUENCH FOR QUENCHING OPERATIONS
 SERVO MARINE FOR MARINE ENGINES
 SERVO GEM FOR GENERAL ELECTRICAL &
MECHANICAL
 SERVOCOAT OPEN GEAR COATING LUBRICANT
 SERVORP FOR RUST PREVENTION
 SERVOVACUUM FOR VACUUM PUMPS
 SERVOSYNGEAR FOR GEARS – SYNTHETIC OIL
 SERVOSYNCO FOR COMPRESSORS- SYNTHETIC OIL
 SERVO GEAR FOR AUTO GEARS

Lubricants Fundamentals Ioci

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Fundamentals

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION

 HIGH ADHESIVENESS  HIGH LUBRICITY OR OILINESS

 Excellent chemical stability

• Lubricant can be defined as any material, when interposed between

LUBRICANT = BASE OIL + ADDITIVE

Lubricant Additive can be defined as any speciality

- Careful balance of both base oils and the

What are the other functions of lubricants ???

Anti-wear BASE OIL VI Improvers

SAE VISCOSITY LOW TEMP (deg. C) BORDERLINE KIN. VISCOSITY

SAE VISCOSITY MIN TEMP (deg C) VISCOSITY at 100 deg C

CLASSIFICATION TYPE APPLICATION SERVO' GRADES

GL-1 STRAIGHT MINERAL OIL AUTOMOTIVE MANUAL

GL-2 CONTAINS FATTY WORM GEAR DRIVES -

GL-3 CONTAINS MILD SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS -

GL - 5 MIL - L- 2105D SPEC

GL-6 TECHNICALLY OBSOLETE FOR SERVICE CONDITIONS REQUIRING

International Organisation for Standards

ISO VISCOSITY (cSts) ISO VISCOSITY (cSts)

2 1.98 -2.42 68 61.2 - 74.8

26 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

27 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 GREASES – GEM SERIES

28 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 REDUCE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

29 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

30 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

31 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

Area of the Engine Temperature Range (OC)

Exhaust Valve Head 650-730

33 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 mixed film lubrication (piston skirt)

 boundary lubrication (top ring zone area)

34 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

Obsolete CE 1983 and Later Turbocharged Engines

35 12-19-01 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI HD4 2

Sludge Shear Stability

37 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 USAGE OF SYSTEM HLP OILS

38 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 CYLINDER LINER WEAR REDUCED BY 13.3%

SAVINGS ON ACCOUNT OF LUBE OIL- 6400KL

40 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 RR 606MG ALTERANATE VII- JHANSI

41 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

Since trial is under progress detailed data is

42 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 ENHANCE THE DRAIN PERIOD

43 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 SHIFTED TO SYNGEAR OIL- SYTHETIC

44 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

MICROPITTING IS AN UNIFORM ROLLING CONTACT

THE OILS ARE APPROVED BY M/S FLENDER AG OF GERMANY

47 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

 SERVO GREASE WR2- WATER RESISTANCE

48 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

50 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

Kinematic Vis. @ 400 C : 14.84

Specific resistance 1012 : 3920 (ohm @27

 GASSING TENDENCY IS 1/3 RD OF THE NORMAL

52 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI

56 INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LI