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Aspect ratios of 4:1 or less are best (if space permits), and
ratios greater than 8:1 should be avoided.
Determine equivalent
round size duct
D => Dh= (4 x Area)/Perimeter
=(2 W.H)/(W+H)
Similar to hydraulic diameter
What is the pressure drop in 250 ft rectangular duct of dimensions 20 in x 40 in for an actual
airflow volume of 14,000 ft 3/min at an altitude where the density is 0.064 lbm/ft3?
SOLUTION
The problem is solved in three steps. First, determine the equivalent standard round duct using
Eq. 16.21:
(40 20)0.625
Deq 1.30 30.46 in
(40 20) 0.25
Next, the friction loss for the actual volume of air is read from Fig. 16.8(a). From the figure
at a duct size of 30.5 in, we read 0.25 inWG/100 ft. Therefore,
0.25 inWG
h friction ,std 250 ft 0.63 in WG
100 ft
Finally, the density correction is applied:
0.064
h friction ,act 0.63 inWG 0.54 in WG
0.075
A curve fit of data from a fan manufacturer shows that the equation for the fan curve at 1100
r/min (115 rad/s) is given by the dimensional equation (pressure is in inches water gauge and
flow is in cubic feet per minute)
V 2 V
p fan 4 0.2
1000 (16.38)
1000
Find the operating point if the system curve, including the system effect factor, is given by the
following dimensional equation:
2
V
psys 0.8 (16.39)
1000
If the fan efficiency is 61 percent, what is the required motor size?
SOLUTION
The operating point for this fan system occurs where the system pressure drop and flow
exactly match the available fan pressure rise at the same flow. To find the solution, one can
either plot the two curves, as shown in Fig. 16.17, or solve analytically by equating the fan
curve and the system curve. If the latter approach is used, we get:
V
2
V 2 V
0.8 4 0.2 1000 1000
1000
HCB 3-Chap 16B: Fans and System 20
The quadratic formula is used to find the flow rate at the operating point:
Effects
V 2102 ft 3 /min (992 L/s)
Find: Operating point (p and V ), W
SOLUTION
The operating point for this fan system occurs where the system pressure drop and flow
exactly match the available fan pressure rise at the same flow. To find the solution, one can
either plot the two curves, as shown in Fig. 16.17, or solve analytically by equating the fan
curve and the system curve. If the latter approach is used, we get:
V
2
V 2 V
0.8 4 0.2
1000 1000
1000
The quadratic formula is used to find the flow rate at the operating point:
V 2102 ft 3 /min (992 L/s)
The system pressure at this flow rate can be found from Eq. (16.39):
2
2102
psys 0.8 3.54 inWG
1000
The ideal power from the basic equation is (Eq. 16.31):
W ideal V P
3.54 in 5.2 lbf / (ft 2 in)
2,102 ft /min
3
Figure 16.23 Part-load fan characteristics for outlet damper, inlet vane,
and variable-speed control methods.
This is very useful for designing piping and ducting systems and is also used for diagnosing
problems associated with improper flow in existing fluid systems
0.4
-W G)
Total
Total pressure (in
Filter
Supply fan Cooling coil
Heating coil Diffuser
Figure 16.16 (a) Schematic of a pressure gradient diagram showing how the total and
velocity pressures vary along the length of a pipe or duct (b) Example of pressure profile
for a small commercial building with a supply fan
HCB 3-Chap 16B: Fans and System 27
Effects
Duct Design Considerations
The objective of duct design is to deliver the amount of air (at the proper
condition) needed to meet the loads in each zone of a building.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Htot
Htot
Head
Htot
Hν
Hν
Hν
- Initial velocity in the main duct leaving the fan is selected – range of 2500
– 4000 fpm
- ducts are sized so that the air velocity in the direction of flow is reduced in
such a way that the increase (or “regain”) in static pressure just balances the
pressure losses in the downstream section of duct. Typical regain factors:
0.75-abrupt changes in area
0.95 very smooth transition
- accomplished by progressively increasing the duct cross-section;
Thus system static pressure remain about the same throughout a system. This
simplifies terminal box selection and system balancing
Disadvantages are very low velocities and large duct sizes at outlets, and
calculation is tedious (several software programs available)