01 - Introduction To Science

IVY JASMIN O.
TORRES, LPT
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE – CAS
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES - CEAS
MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION
itorres@gbox.adnu.edu.ph/ivyjasminocampo.torres@bicol-u.edu.ph
AD MAJOREIM DEI GLORIAM +

SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
COURSE CODE: GE 7
CREDIT UNITS: 3 units ( Lecture )
HOURS PER WEEK: 3 hours ( Lecture )
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and
technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our
living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development
happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical
underpinnings at play.
This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life
and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.
This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness.
MOTIVAT
IONALSHARING OF FEELINGS
1. Share your feelings today by checking your dominant emotion and explain
why you feel that way.
Historical Antecedents
in the Course of Science
and Technology
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
01 Explain how science and technology affected
the society and environment and vice versa;
02 Identify inventions and discoveries that

changed the world over the course of
history; and
03 Discuss the scientific and technological

developments in the Philippines.
 Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life.
 The developments are not just products of people’s imagination or a one-time

thought process; they also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier
works from different time periods.
 The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the
quality of life of the people.
ANCIENT TIMES
ANCIENT TIMES
 TRANSPORTATION
 People trying to go places and discover new horizons.

 Travelled to search for food and find better locations for their settlements.
 Travelled their surplus goods in exchange for the things they lacked.
 NAVIGATION
 assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world.
 Allowed them to return home after discovering new places or completed an important trade with
other group of people.
ANCIENT TIMES
 COMMUNICATION
 Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.

 A way to communicate with the natives to facilitate trading and prevent conflicts.
 Record-keeping
 A need to remember the places and to document the trades they made with each other
 Vital to keep records of their history and culture to established identities to relate with other
cultures and civilizations.
ANCIENT TIMES
 Increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food
and other basic necessities.
 People must be able to produce food at a given time and space as resources
were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.
 Thus, people needed a form of technology to enable them to increase food

supplies and other survival needs without travelling.
ANCIENT TIMES
 Weapons and armors
 Important in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with
other tribes.
 Conflicts were common when groups struggled control vital resources.
 Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones to take more resources.
 Development of weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a
major achievement.
ANCIENT TIMES
 A primary challenge they faces was the conservation of life.

 Different illnesses and diseases. Both natural and man-made, hampered the full
potential of a human being.
 Science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not
the prevention, of, illnesses.
ANCIENT TIMES
 People ventured to the field of engineering.

 For better transportation
 Establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters
 Construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures.
 Introduction to architecture
 Elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular
civilization.
 A status symbol among nations of how advanced their technology is – identity
ANCIENT TIMES
 One can conclude that the developments in science and technology, aside from
affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents.
 People of ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would
impact the lives of the modern people.
 Achievements of the early civilizations such as the Sumerians, Babylonians,

and Egyptians.
ANCIENT TIMES: SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
 Located at the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.
 Known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire
for great things.
 They are not connected with the basic things life can offer.
 Pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology.
 CUNEIFORM
 One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the

development of first writing system known as cuneiform
 A system that utilizes the word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry.
 Allowed them to keep records of things with great
historical value or their everyday life.
 Uruk city
 It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world
but also the way it was erected.
 No building stones and lumber was limited making the construction a big challenge.
 To build a city using only mud or clay from the river (mixed with reeds, producing sun-
baked bricks) --- a true engineering feat.
 To make houses, protected them from harsh weather, and to build a wall around the city
to prevent wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
 The great ziggurat of ur
 The ziggurat, also called the mountain of God, was built in the same mannter they
constructed the City or Uruk.
 Served as the sacred place of their chief God, where only priest were allowed to enter.
 The temple showcases not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but
also the remarkable technology used to build it.
 Even today, people still enjoy and marvel at the preserved Great Ziggurat of Ur.
 Irrigation and dikes
 As the population increases, so did the demand for food.

 Sumerians will challenge to mass produce food items but the elements in the
environment seemed uncooperative. (Groups had scarce water while others had problems with flooding.)
 Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.
 Through the dikes and canals, they were able to enjoy year-long farming and
harvesting that increases food production.
 SAILBOATS
 Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and

were able to cover large distances of products were able
to cover large distances.
 The invention of sailboats by the Sumerians address their
increasing demand.
 Essential in transportation and trading as well as in
fostering culture, information and technology.
 WHEEL
 Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the

specialized tools needed to create it were already available.
 The first wheels were not made for transportation but for
farm work and food processes.
 With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was
made easier.
 Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
 The plow
 Humans evolved from farm gatherers to farm

cultivators.
 The plow was invented to dig the earth in a fast pace.
 Farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster,
enabling them to mass produce food without taking
so much time and effort.
 roads
 Sumerians developed the first roads.

 The flow of traffic became faster and more organized.
 They used the same technology they used in making sun
baked bricks that they laid down in the ground.
 They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar
to asphalt, to smoothen the roads.
ANCIENT TIMES: BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
 They were great builders, engineers and architects.
 One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylons, one of

the seven wonders of the ancient world.
 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
 A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees,
and vines.
 According to the legends, the great Babyblonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife,
Queen Amytis.
 No physical evidence found to prove the existence of the Hanging Garden and its exact location is also
unknown.
 If the stories are true, it may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
ANCIENT TIMES: EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Another famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in the North Africa.
 Tells about the facts of the Egyptians regarding the infrastructures established by the
pharaohs.
 Also contributed to other practical things that the world consider now as essentials.
 Thus, the pyramid is not the only contribution of the Egyptian civilization to the
modern world.
 Paper or papyrus
 Although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make
writing easier for the world.
 Safe keeping and transportation of clay tablets were a major problem.
 PAPYRUS was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt.
 Process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.
 A major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and communication.
 Paper or papyrus
 People then were able to send letters or correspondence elsewhere in the world since
the pieces of letters were very light that they could be carried and delivered by birds.
 Moreover, record-keeping was no longer a problem since documents would not take
huge storage spaces.
 Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders who often destroyed records
of nations they invaded.
 INK
 When the Egyptians invented the Papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in
writing.
 Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with a different chemicals to produce inks of
different colors.
 The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture,
and codified codes.
 It must also be tamper-proof so that the people
 Hieroglyphics
 The Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
 Believed that this system of writing was provided to them by their gods.
 Hieroglyphics was a language that tells the modern world of history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians.
 Their records were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of pyramids and
other important Egyptian structures.
 COSMETICS
 The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics.

 In Ancient Egypt, cosmetics was both health and aesthetics reasons.
 Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
 Was created by mixing a soot or malachite with mineral galena.
 Believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty is a
sign of holiness.
 wig
 Another cosmetic invention is the wig.

 During the ancient times, wigs were worn for health and
wellness rather than aesthetic purposes.
 Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians
from the harmful rays of the sun.
 Wigs allows the heat to escape rather than scarf. Thus,
prevented the accumulation of head lice.
 Water clock/ clepsydra
 This device utilizes the gravity that affects the flow of water
from the vessel to the other (or its height, depending on the
method used) remaining in the device determines how
much time elapsed since its full.
 Time is measured.
 Used as timekeeping device during the ancient times.
ANCIENT TIMES: GREEK CIVILIZATION
 Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
 Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major

achievements of the Greeks include in depth works on philosophy and
mathematics.
 More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed
much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology.
 ALARM CLOCK
 One of the most utilized gadgets today – to tell an individual when to

start and when to stop.
 Used complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made used of
water, stones or sand, that dropped into the drum which sounded
the alarm.
 Plato was believed to utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his
lecture.
 Water mill
 They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was
necessary form of food processing during that time.
 Watermills were considered better than mills powered by a farm animals because they
required less effort and time.
 A need for access to rivers of flowing water where mechanism of a large wheel with a
small “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed.
ANCIENT TIMES: ROMAN CIVILIZATION
 Roman empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in
the west.
 Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
 As a large empire, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of

legislation and confined laws.
 newspaper
 The first newspaper, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire
to the people.
 Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone
tablets and then publicly displayed.
 With the advent of paper, minutes of the proceedings of the Roman senate were done in
shorthand. These documents were edited and published on the same day they were
recorded.
 Bound books or codex
 With the invention of paper, civilizations became fond of record-keeping, especially

documenting historical events and newly legislated laws.
 Writing down information about history, politics and literature changed form from clay
tablets to parchments of paper.
 Julius Cesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book.
 Provided covers to protect the papyrus ( from wax to animal skin )
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world.
 A continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance.
 Pioneer to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established
 Redesign old architectural patterns to adapt the new trends at that time.
 Today, people of the world still enjoy these marvels as a proof of ancient Roman technology
 ROMAN NUMERALS
 Since the Roman Empire is expanding, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its
power to the increasing rate of communication and trade among nations.
 The Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a
standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade
concerns.
 The number system is no longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations.
ANCIENT TIMES: CHINESE CIVILIZATION
 The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not

the world.
 Known as the middle kingdom, it is located on the far east of Asia.
 Famous among other civilization because of its silk trade.
 Despite its less population status among the early civilization, one cannot
discredit the significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world
 silk
 One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk.
 Chinese developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce a paper and clothing.
 Resulted in the creation of a product for trade.
 Opened China to the outside world for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges.
 Bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.
 Tea production
 A beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves.
 The first tea was believed to be drunk by a Chinese Emperor.
 Developed by unknown Chinese inventor that created a machine that was able to
shred the tea leaves to strips.
 Chinese were able to increase their production of tea and trade with other nations.
 Great wall of china
 The largest and most extensive infrastructures that the nation built.
 The only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space.
 To keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
 Made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials.
 Divided China from the rest of the world.
 Pride and the crowning glory of China
 A world attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur.
 gunpowder
 One of the most interesting inventions of China
 Developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. ( mixed of
charcoal, sulfur, potassium nitrate )
 Instead of prolonging the life, it is widely used to propel bullets from guns and
cannons which cause countless deaths.
 Also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion
 On the other hand, it is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in China.
#HASHTAG
#1. What is my learning today?
#2. How do I feel about what I’ve learned?
#3. What would I do about the things I’ve

learned today?
MEDIEVAL/
MIDDLE AGES
MEDIEVAL AGES
 The start of the middle ages was marred by a massive

invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this
times.
 Great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry,

navigation, mass food and farm production and health.
 Trade and commerce among nations increased, resulted in

greater demands for transportation technology.
MEDIEVAL AGES
 Printing press
 After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann

Gutenberg was able to developed a printing press.
 Utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits,

attached to them a metal impression of the letters and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper.
MEDIEVAL AGES
 Printing press
 Invented to address the need of publishing books that would

spread information to many people at a faster rate.
 Invention also made works accessible to individuals who could

not even write.
MEDIEVAL AGES
 microscope
 Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization.
 A device that could magnify things invisible to the eye.
 Zacharias Janssen, able to develop the first compound microscope.
 To observe organisms that were unseen by the naked eye.
 A key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various

illnesses.
MEDIEVAL AGES
 Telescope
 As the age of exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.
 An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects.
 Together with the telescope, the invention of compass, oars and rudders
made sea travelling easier and safer.
MEDIEVAL AGES
 War weapons
 To develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as

defensive instruments.
 Development of cross bows and long bows for long ranges and
protection of walls and fortresses. (open battle)
 Soldiers wear iron body armors to protect themselves. (close range)

 Heavy and limit their movements, thus, solved by the chainmail.
MODERN TIMES
MODERN TIMES
 19th century demanded that more goods be produced at a

faster rate.
 Efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and

cover a larger distance.
 Development of industries.
 Due to massive industrialization, food processing and medicine posed bigger
challenges since health was of great concern.
MODERN TIMES
 PASTEURIZATION
 Food preservation and food safety became and issue.

 Diphtheria, food poisoning and typhoid fever.
 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist.

 Invented pasteurization, process of heating dairy products to kill
the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
 Works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.
MODERN TIMES
 PETROLEUM REFINERY
 People used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their

homes.
 Samuel M. Kier, invented kerosene by refining petroleum.
 Kerosene – was referred to as the “illuminating oil” and later

on applied for heating purposes.
MODERN TIMES
 PETROLEUM REFINERY
 The development of kerosene established the petroleum

refinery industry.
 Today, we used petroleum in powering automobile, factories

and powerplants among others.
MODERN TIMES
 TELEPHONE
 Challenge to maintain connection and communicate with each

other in real time.
 Governments need of communication system to administer

their states well.
 Alexander Graham Bell developed the idea of telephone.

MODERN TIMES
 CALCULATOR
 Demand for a faster way to compute more complicated

equations.
 Paved the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also

resulted in the development of more complex processing
machines like the computer.
PHILIPPINE
INVENTIONS
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
 Despite being a developing country, the Philippines also

contributed to the global advancements of science and
technology.
 Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries

in terms of natural disasters.
 Inventions built from indigenous materials or created to adapt

to the harsh tropical environment.
 SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYLE
 Filipino innovation of adding a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming

it into a tricycle that can accommodate more passengers.
 H2o Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto

Armada, together with the chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave
invented an amphibious tricycle that can cross flooded streets,
rivers, and lakes.
 SALT LAMP
 Aisa Mijeno, a young Filipina, was able to invent a lighting system that
utilizes saltwater.
 Sustainable Alternative Lightning (SALT) lamp, is safer as it poses no risk

of fire and emits no toxic gases.
 Helpful for coastal areas and far-flung barrios because they can make
their own saltwater for mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap
water.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
 The problem of the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn

babies.
 20th century problem was the lack of available incubators.
 Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipina pediatrician and first Asian woman

admitted into the Harvard University devised a medicinal incubator
from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
 Made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one.

Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to
provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen
circulation.
 Works on immunization and treatment of jaundice and the

BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.
 MOSQUITO TRAP SYSTEM
 Dengue virus was usually transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito,

rampant during rainy seasons.
 Insecticides to kill mosquitos but harmful to humans and environment.
 In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology- Industrial

Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) introduced Mosquito
Ovcidinal / Larvicidal Trap System or the OL TRAP.
 MOSQUITO TRAP SYSTEM
 This trap system is made of natural

ingredients that are lethal to
mosquitos but safe for humans and
the environment.
 EJEEPNEY
 The development of jeepney changed the transportation

industry in the Philippines.
 The chassis and the body of military jeeps were used to

accommodate more passengers.
 The diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black

smoke, contribution to noise pollution
 EJEEPNEY
 To counter the disadvantages, the electronic jeepney

(eJeepney) was developed.
 Utilization of electricity instead of the more expensive diesels.
 Environment friendly and do not emit any smoke and noise

STANDING ON THE
SHOULDER OF THE
GIANTS
INSTRUCTIONS
 Divide the class into four groups.

Group 1 – Ancient Times
Group 2 – Medieval/ Middle Age
Group 3 – Modern Times
Group 4 – Philippine Inventions
 Each group should pick one greatest achievement on the

period assigned.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Draw a picture of your chosen achievement. As a group, collect and paste

the inventions in a ¼ illustration board. Design the board of the theme
appropriate to the assigned time period.
2. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also, identify their use
and purpose. Paste the information at the back of the illustration board.
3. Present your project in the class. Conclude your report by discussing how
these inventions impacted the people and the society during the time
period when they are made.

01 - Introduction To Science

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01 - Introduction To Science

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IVY JASMIN O.

AD MAJOREIM DEI GLORIAM +

02 Identify inventions and discoveries that

03 Discuss the scientific and technological

 The developments are not just products of people’s imagination or a one-time

 People trying to go places and discover new horizons.

 Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.

 Thus, people needed a form of technology to enable them to increase food

 Weapons and armors

 A primary challenge they faces was the conservation of life.

 People ventured to the field of engineering.

 Achievements of the early civilizations such as the Sumerians, Babylonians,

 Located at the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.

 One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the

 The great ziggurat of ur

 Irrigation and dikes

 As the population increases, so did the demand for food.

 Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and

 Sumerians were able to invent the wheel since the

 Humans evolved from farm gatherers to farm

 Sumerians developed the first roads.

 Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

 They were great builders, engineers and architects.

 One of their major contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylons, one of

 HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

 The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics.

 Another cosmetic invention is the wig.

 Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.

 Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major

 One of the most utilized gadgets today – to tell an individual when to

 Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.

 As a large empire, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of

 Bound books or codex

 With the invention of paper, civilizations became fond of record-keeping, especially

 The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not

 Known as the middle kingdom, it is located on the far east of Asia.

 Famous among other civilization because of its silk trade.

 Great wall of china

#1. What is my learning today?

#2. How do I feel about what I’ve learned?

#3. What would I do about the things I’ve

 The start of the middle ages was marred by a massive

 Great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry,

 Trade and commerce among nations increased, resulted in

 After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann

 Utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits,

 Invented to address the need of publishing books that would

 Invention also made works accessible to individuals who could

 Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization.

 A device that could magnify things invisible to the eye.

 Zacharias Janssen, able to develop the first compound microscope.

 To observe organisms that were unseen by the naked eye.

 A key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various

 An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects.

 To develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as

 Soldiers wear iron body armors to protect themselves. (close range)

 19th century demanded that more goods be produced at a

 Efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and

 Food preservation and food safety became and issue.

 Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist.

 People used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their

 Samuel M. Kier, invented kerosene by refining petroleum.