1.

In Search of New Lands

● 15th and 16th centuries brought an era
of worldwide exploration and
exploration that resulted to the desire
to gain new lands, power and wealth
● Europeans established commerce
with the orient through trade routines.
● Spices were the most important items
of trade because they enhance the taste
of food and to preserve meat during
winter time…(pepper, ginger, nutmeg,
onions and garlic)
● The fall of Constantinople (1453)
and the rise of the Ottoman Turks
closed the former trade routes to the
east costing the monarchs to try new
routes…
● The Portuguese were ahead of the
Spaniards in this race…
Portuguese expeditions were headed by:
1. Prince Henry – the navigator
2. Bartolome Dias
3. Vasco de Gama

● The end of the wars against the moors paved the way for great
voyages, including the discovery of the Americans by
Christopher Columbos…
● After these voyages, Portugal and Spain become rivals in
colonizing land because of gold, spices, other merchandise and
spreading Catholicsm
● Both have sent several daring expeditions…
● May 3, 1493. Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull known as
Inter Caetera, fixing the demarcation line to identity clearly the
spheres of exploration and conquest…
● In 1494, a demarcation line of 370 leagues was agreed in the
Treaty of Tordesillas. The revised treaty, allowed Portugal to
claim Brazil and the Americans was given to Spain…
● 1505, Magellan, a Portuguese was sent to East Indies to bring
the viceroy… From there, he went to Malacca in the Malay
Peninsula and Ambon and Banda in Western Indonesia… In
search for spices… he was promoted as captain in 1510… he
conceived of reaching the Spice Island or Moluccas (Indonesia)
via south America… he proposed this trip to King Manuel but the
later refused to send him there but instead cancelled his
promotion…
● Disgusted with the king, he renounced his citizenship…he went
to Spain in 1517 and presented the same plan to King
Ferdinand… later, Magellan was named captain general of the
expedition…
2.Magellan’s New Route to the East
● Left San Lucar Spain on Sept. 20, 1519… brought 5 ships:
Trinidad, Victoria, Conception, Santiago and San Antonio…
● This trip is intended to circumnavigate the earth...
● With him were: Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet captain),
Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler), Duarte Barbosa ( brother in
law), and his slave Enrique (interpreter)
● They passes by the west coast of Africa, the Canaries,
reached Sta. Lucia (Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Plata, Port San
Julian (Argentina).
● By the time Magellan’s team reach the South America
continent, it was already winter…
● Unknown to Magellan, 3 ships wanted to return to Spain
but Magellan refused to accept their petition…
● Juan de Cartagena, Antonio de Coca, Juan Sebastian del Cano
and Gaspar Quesada were found guilty of treason… Cartagena
continued the plot again with Fr. Pedro Sanchez de Reina…
were jealous of Magellan because he was a Portuguese.
● When spring appeared, they continued the voyage… the ship
Santiago was destroyed by a typhoon… the 4 ships continued
and reached the strait of all saints… now known as the srait
Magellan…
● Magellan directed the San Antonio to explore the southeast
opening but the ship captain sailed back straight to Spain… then
they crossed the Pacific Ocean…
● They underestimated the size of the ocean… in the next five
months, they run out supplies… they ate sawdust, leader ropes
and rats.. Many got sick of scurvy and died… then March 6,
1521 they reached the island in West Pacific. He called it Islas
Landrones (or island of Thieves, later to be named Marianas)
3. Rediscovery of the Philippines
● March 16, 1521 – they arrived in Samar and Leyte… They named
the island San Lazaro… The following day, they sailed to
Homonhon… on their 3rd day, they met some natives… seeing them a
friendly people, Magellan gave them red caps mirrors, combs, small
bells, ivory, fine linen cloth, and other trifle. In return the islanders
gave them their cargo of bananas, fish, coconuts, and palm wine (tuba)
On the 4th day, they went to Limasawa, Leyte or Masao in Butuan…
● This is where Magellan met Rajah Kolambu, Rajah gave him jars of
rice, while Magellan gave a red-and-yellow robe. Their friendship was
sealed with a blood compact or the kasi-kasi…
● Up to the present time, historians still argue where the first mass
exactly took place… the name of the place Masao… the mass was
held on an Easter Sunday March 31, 1521 officiated by Fr. Valderrama
● After the mass, they planted a huge wooden cross on a hall
overlooking the sea..
● On April 7, accompanied by Kolambu the team went to Sugbu.
A blood compact was performed between Magellan and Rajah
Humabon… Later, the king of Cebu was baptized into
Catholictism
● On April 14, a mass was held… A wooden cross was also
planted…8000 natives were converted to catholics including the
wife Humabon who was given the name Juana… She was given
the image of the Sto. Niño as a gift from Magellan…Humabon
was renamed Carlos…
● Datu Zula of Mactan also welcomed the Spaniards… but not
Lapu-Lapu whose real name was Cali Pulacu…
●Lapu-lapu refused to accept the new political system and pay
tribute so he stayed away from Humabon…
●to teach him a lesson, Magellan invade Mactan on April 27,
1521…his army consisted 60 Spaniards and 1,000 Cebuanos…
Magellan misjudge the fighting skills of Lapu-lapu and his men
●Lapu-lapu team only used spears and bamboo stakes… they
targeted the legs of the enemy… Magellan was hit by a poisoned
arrow in the leg and a spear struck on his face.
●The battle of Mactan was a scandalous defeat for the
spaniards… the natives plotted to kill them while attending a
party… Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano with 27 others killed…
the other retreated to their boats and went back to spain… the ship
Concepcion was burned …only the ship Victoria reached Spain
with only 18 survivor headed by del Cano…
Result of Magellan’s expedition:
1. They found out that the Pacific Ocean is wide
2. They proved that the earth was round
3. The Europeans knew the existence of the Philippines and other
pacific islands
4. Broaden their geographical knowledge
5. Discover the strait of Magellan

● The cargo of cloves sold for such a high price that it was more
than sufficient to pay for the expenses of Magellan expedition
● The first Asian who circumnavigated the world was Enrique…
the slave of Magellan…
Other expeditions were headed by:
1. Capt. Garcia Jofre de Loaysa (1552) – with 7 ships and 450 men…
he failed to reach the Philippines… after crossing the strait of
Magellan, his ships was driven away by storm… He got sick during
the travel and died…
2. Sebastian Cabot (1526) with 4 ships and 250 men… they failed to
find the strait of Magellan
3. Alvaro Saavedra Ceron with 3 ships and 110 men…. They sailed
from Mexico… only the ship Florida reached Surigao but failed to
colonized it… Was not able to return to Spain because of strong
winds… Saavedra fell ill and died… His men decided to surrender to
the Portuguese…
4. Rudy Lopez de Villalobos with 6 ships and 400 men… reached
Baganga Bay in Eastern Mindanao on Feb. 2, 1543 3 months of
sailing…named Mindanao as Caesaria Caroli…searching for food,
they reached the island of Saranggani… He named it Antonia… his
name went to Samar and named it Felipina… died in the Moluccas…
● After King Charles abdicated his throne to his son Philip II,
Spain was at the height of its power… another expedition was sent
to Philippines… was given to:
5. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi- a soldier, lawyer and administrator…
sailed from Mexico and he spent his own money for this trip…
with 4 ships and 380 men… he was accompanied by Fr. Andres de
Urdaneta (survivor Loaysa exprdition), Capt. Felipe de Salcedo
(grandson of Legazpi), Guido de Lavezaris (survivor Villalobos
expedition), and Melchor de Legazpi (son of Miguel)… stopped in
Guam and got some water and supplies…
● In 1565, they anchored near Cebu then they went to Samar and
had a blood compact with Urrao… they proceeded to Limasawa
where they went to Bohol and had a blood compact with Si Katura
and Si Gala…
● In Cebu, they were challenged by Rajah Tupas but because of
the superior weapons of Legazpi’s team, the natives failed to win
the battle… they retreated to the uplands …
● The following day, Legazpi’s man named Mermeo discovered
the image of the Sto. Niño in one of the houses… this is why he
named Cebu as Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus…
● The earliest Spanish settlement was in a triangualar form… the
2 sides face the sea and 3 face the land… surrounded by fences…
wells supply the needed water and a church was erected…
● To soften the heart of Tupas, Legazpi asked Tamuyan-the
brother of Tupas to accept the Spanish goodwill… later, Tupas met
Legazpi peacefully, Tupas was convinced because of the attraction
policy of the Spaniards… this was possible because of the help of
Cid Hamal, a Muslim Malay…
4. The Spanish Conquest of the Land
● The 1st cebuano convert was Jandulaman, a widowed niece of
Tupas… she was named later as Isabel… from Isabel Garces the
decreased wife of Legazpi…
● After the baptism of Isabel, she married one of the men in
Legazpi…
● Rajah Tupas was named Felipe while his son Pinsuncan was
named Carlos…
● In 1569, Legazpi went to Panay… The second Spanish
settlement was on the bank of Panay river… Datu’s Macabaog and
Madidong also become christians…
● Juan de Salcedo was sent to Mindoro where they topplied
Morons in the islands of Ilin and Lubang…
● Marshall Martin de Golti with 120 Spaniards and 600 Visayans
explored Batangas… they made friends with the natives of the
place… then they went to the banks of Pasig River, there they
met Rajah Matanda and his nephew Rajah Sulayman…
● Sulayman and Golti sealed there friendship with the kasi-
kasi… but he was not willing to submit to Spanish domination
and pay tribute to its king… so a clash started… it was bloody…
Sulayman’s troupe retreated to the mountains…
● Having known from Golti that Maynilad was a rich kingdom,
Legazpi decided to colonized it… he did so in April 1571… with
him was27 vessels 280 Spaniards and 600 Visayan allies…
● Lakandula, the king of Tondo and uncle of Sulayman decided
to accept Legazpi’s friendship since he knew he will lose the
battle… He helped Legazpi persuade Sulayman to return to the
ford of Spain…
● A brave Macabebe warrior named Bambolito dared to face
Legazps’s team… Golti took the challenged and toppled
Bambolito’s group…
● On June 24, 1571… Legazpi proclaimed Manila as capital of
the Philippines… He named it Nueva Castilla… on the same day,
the city govt. was established with a city council and a court…
● On June 1, 1574, King Philip II named it Insigne y Siempre
Leal Ciudad
● On August 20, 572 died of heart attack… he was replaced by
Lavezaris…
● Salcedo subdued the Laguna de Bay region, discovered the gold
mines of Paracalle, pacified the Ilocandia and Vigan… conquered
Camarines, Albay and Catanduanes… As a reward, he was given
an encomienda in Ilocos…
● The Philippines was crown colony… from 1565-1821, the
Mexican viceroy manages the Philippines for Spain… When
Mexico got its Independence the Overseas Ministry took over the
management of the colony…
● In 1568, King Philip instructed Legazpi to establis cities, towns
and encomiendas (to commit into one’s care) to be distributed to
deserving soldiers…
● The encomienda was not a land grant, its real purpose was to
get tribute from the natives…the plan of educating the natives
with Spanish norms of conduct was just a pretense because it was
all about slavery…
● Tributes were collected cash or in kind… ¼ of the collection
was given to the encomendero and the rest was for the friars and
the government…
● Because of the abuses the encomenderos, the encomienda
system was replaced with the provincial government…
2 types of Provincial Govt.:
1. Alcadia- headed by an alcalde mayor of the provice
2. Corregidors – territories that had been completely pacified by
the politico military governors…

● The office of the Alcalde Mayor was a model of graft,

corruption and efficiency
● The provinces were divided into towns or pueblos… headed by
the gobernadorcillo…
● This position is offered to the Filipinos… before it was given to
chieftains and their descendants… then it was elected by an
electoral board composed of the outgoing gobernadorcillo and 12
members of the pricipalia…
● Principalian refers to prominent land-owning and propertied
citizens who read, write, and speak Spanish…
● Each town is headed by the Cabeza de Barangay… remained as
an appointive office…
● The king appoints the governor general… chief executive,
commander in chief of the military forces, vice royal patron (has
the power to recommend priest in parishes and intervenes in
resolving problems between religious authorities), can reject or
suspend laws or decrees… The position can be bought or granted
as a favor… short tenure of office (two years and ten months)
because of this, the one in position will usually enrich himself…

Evaluators of the performance of those in power:

1. Audience Real- acts as the supreme court, advisory body to the
governor, audits the expenses of the govt.
2. Visitador general- investigator sent by the king to check
behavior of high officials
3. Residencia- conducts trial of an outgoing gov. gen. and other
officials to punish those who are involve in corruption
4. Archbisop and clergy
5. Subordinate public officials and influential private citezens.

● The decision of those who perform the report may be changed

because they receive bribes…
Kinds of tribute (may be paid in money or in kind):
1. 8 reales or 1 peso- paid by one family
2. 4 reales or 50 cents- paid by unmarried man or woman
3. Goods like corn, rice, honey, blankets etc…
4. In 1851, tribute was increased to 12 reales
5. In 1884, cedula tax replaced the tribute…
Exempted from paying the tributes were:
● Gobernadorcillas,
● Cabezas and families
● Govt. employees
● Soldiers with outstanding sercvice
● Descendants of Lakandula
● Other native chieftains
● Choir members
● Sacristans
● Porters of churches
● Govt. witnesses
● Soldier were used to collect taxes… non-payment results
to punishment or torture… sometimes, houses were burned
or looted…
● Polo or forced labor- performed by males, 16-60 years
old… building ships, churches, roads etc… the workers has
to work 40 days in a year… Later it was reduced to 15
days… To be exclude from it, a Filipino has to pay a falla or
exemption fee… chieftains and their eldest sons were
exempted

Polo resulted to:

● Abandonment of fields
● Separation from families or homes
● Illness and death
● Bandala- refers to the assignment of annual quotas to each
province for compulsory sale for products to the govt…
non-payment means seizure of products…
● Political condition in the Philippines was worsened
because of the union of the church and the state… the friars
exercised political, economic and other powers… they
control the educational system and they collect taxes… they
control municipal elections and censored plays and reading
materials…
5. Towards the Hispanization of
the Natives
Changes during the Spanish Era:
● Building of bahay na bato at kahoy or bahay na mestiza…
Groundfloor is the garage… Upstairs were the azotea and sala,
comedor, cosina and cuarto…
● The poblaction was organized around a rectangular plaza with
the church and convent on one side bounded by the municipio and
the house of the spaniards and the principalis…
● Social class… peninsulares, insulares, mestizo class, indio
● More religious congregations come to the country… among
them were:
Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits
● Fr. Domingo de Salazar- 1st bishop of Manila from the Order
of Franciscan priest become the 1st archbishop of Manila
● The archdiocese of Manila covers 11 areas… in 1595, 2 more
diocese were created one in Camarines Sur and the other in
Cebu…
● Tomas Pinpin- 1st Filipino printer, he wrote a Tagalog book…
● Basic education was given to parochial schools… 1st created
was in Cebu… in 1582, Archbishop Salazar ordered a school for
boys and girls for each town… attendance was compulsory…
parents paid the teacher’s salary…
● College educational was for the Spaniards only…
● Jesuits- founded 1st college for boys in 1589… Called College
of Manila then later College of San Ignacio… they also founded
the College of San Jose in 1601…
● In 1611, the UST was established by Fr. Miguel de Benavides… its
former name is Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santissimo Rosario…
the Dominicans also established the College of San Juan de Letran…

Schools for the girls were either:

1. Colegio- regular school for girls
2. Beaterio- combined school and nunnery…
● 1st college is the Santa Poteciana (1564)
● Next is Santa Isabel- oldest existing girl’s school… it started as an
orphanage then an exclusive girl’s schools…
● Doctorina Christiana- earliest book printed (1593) written by Fr.
Juan de Oliver…
● Gaspa Aquino de Belen wrote the 1st Tagalog Pasion in 1704…
Followed by the Pasyong Genesis written by Fr. Mariano Pilapil in
1818…
● Jose dela Cruz or Joseng Sisiw- prominent poet in oral
tradition… writer of Bernardo Carpio
● Pedro Bukaneg- blind poet and Father of Ilocos Literature…
Writer Biag ni Lam-ang
● Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar- known as Prince of Tagalog
Poets… Writer of Florante at Laura
● Emergence of stage presentation… 1st drama was staged in
Cebu in 1598… performed for Msgr. Pedro de Agurto- the 1st
bishop of Cebu… moro-moro were also a fad in 1637…
● The Zarzuela (opera with a satirical theme) came out in the
19th century…
● In music, the song Sampaguita composed by Dolores Paterno
become popular…
● 1811- the 1st newspaper came out … The Del Superior
Govierno edited by Gov. gen De Aguilar…
● Fr. Manuel Blanco- prince of botanist, wrote the Flora de Filipinas
● Fr. Juan Sorolla built the 1st sundials
● Fr. Marcial Ramos introduced the 1st iron printing press
● George Oppel- a German, introduced lithography in 1858
● Plants and animals were transported via the Phil-Acapulco
Galleons… Manila become an important port of these galleons…
These are govt. monopoly… It ended in 1815
● Obras Pias- earlist banking institution, funding donated by the rich
people for charitable purposes… Opened for business people then later
to the friars which caused its bankruptcy…
● Economic reforms were also introduced… Example is the Econ.
Society of Friends of the Country by Govt. Gen. Jose Basco y
Vargas… one of its contribution was the importation of the Martines or
mynah birds from China to fight locust… Candido Diaz, a Filipino was
awarded for his invention of a machine that can clean hemp fibers…
● The society also established the 1st agricultural school in
Manila… and introduced the cultivation of tea, cotton and etc…
● More monopolies were established like tobacco, wine,
gunpowder and playing cards but all of these were abolished
during the time of Gov. Gen. Marquina…
● When the Philippines opened its door to world trading, more
opportunities were trapped… mass production was on the rise…
●Eulogio Ortadoy introduced a machine for hulling rice and
Nicholas Loney developed the sugar industry in Negros…
● The local weaving industry boomed…

Woven Cloth materials were:

● Sinamay or pinukpok- from beaten abaca fibers
● Nipis- from pure silk
● When the Philippines opened its door to world trading, more
opportunities were trapped… mass production was on the rise…
●Eulogio Ortadoy introduced a machine for hulling rice and
Nicholas Loney developed the sugar industry in Negros…
● The local weaving industry boomed…

Woven Cloth materials were:

● Sinamay or pinukpok- from beaten abaca fibers
● Nipis- from pure silk
● Jusi- raw silk fibers
● Pina from pineapple leaves
● Kulambo from Ilocos
● Abel Iloco from northern Luzon
Holy images from Spain that entered the country:
1. Our Lady of Antipolo
2. Black Nazarene
3. Our Lady of Guadalupe

Representation of Jesus Christ:

1. Santo Niño
2. Nazareno
3. Santo Entierro
4. Cristo Resucitado
5. Santo Cristo
● Family life was closer, prayer was the core of the
household… father, mother and children have distinct roles in
the family…
● Juan Clemente founded the 1st hospital in Manila in 1578…
Ex… San Juan de Dios Hospital and the San Lazaro
Hospital…
● The 1st regular orphanage started in 1810 and this was the
Real Hospicio de San Jose…
● Religious celebrations were numerous…ex… Immaculate
Conception on Dec. 25, holy week… Feast days of saints like
San Juan every June 24, San Jose on March 19, Sta. Monica
on May 4, Sta. Rita May 22…
Fiestas were also observed:
1. Pahiyas of Lucban, May 15, to honor San Isidro
2. Carabao Festival of Bulacan, May 15
3. Obando Festival, Bulacan, May 17 to honor Sta. Clara
4. Penafrancia Festival, Bicol, Sept. 17 to honor the Our Lady of
Penafrancia
5. Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan

Spanish Food:
● Paella
● Arroz Valenciana
● Lengua Estofado
● Menudo, Mechado, Afritada
6. Chinese in the Philippines
● Were called “sangleys” meaning travelling merchants…
products include silk, textiles and porcelian… they live in the
Parian which is outside Intamurous… a lot of them have resided
in the counrty marrying Filipinas thus creating the Chinese
mestizo class
● Acquired lands through pacto de retroventa… land is loaned
to the sangleys… since the landowners can no longer pay the
Chinese, the land goes to the sangleys…
● were not given fair treatment by the Spaniards… they were
taxed heavily to discourage chine immigration, they become
agricultural laborers
●Their names were combined into a single surname…
Ex. Tan, Huang, Co… Tanjuangco
● Lim-a-hong – leader of the 1st and 2nd Chinese invasion of the
Philippines in 1574, was a failure… cause of death of Goiti…
● The Chinese rovolted 5 times in the Philippines as a result of
the abuses of the Spaniards…

The Dutch Invasion:

● Happened in 1646… battle lasted for 8 months… would like to
control the spices islands
The British Invasion:
● Cause is Spain’s participation in the 7 years war… France vs.
Britain… Spain was on the side of France…
● The British colony in India was instructed to attack the
Philippines…
● 13 ships entered Manila in Sept. 22, 1762… military leaders
were William Draper and Samuel Cornish…
● Arch. Manuel Rojo, the acting Gov. Gen. refused to surrender
on Sept. 23… Manila fell into their hands on Oct. 5, 1762
● Manalastas, a Pampangueno warrior tried to stop them but
failed…
● Simon de Anda, a rebel soldier acted as Gov. Gen.
● Dawsonne Drake was made British Gov. Gen. in the
Philippines…
● The invasion ended with the singing of the treaty of Paris in
1763… the news reached the Philippine in 1764… British
troupes left just like that…
● Some British-Indian soldiers remained in the counrty and
thrived in Cainta, Rizal…
THANK YOU!