CLASSIC PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

GROUP-1
EIN KYI PHYU
MAY THWAY MYO MYINT
MYAT NOE CHIT
NAW TAMALAR PAW TUN
PWINT PHU HTET

Prepared by Ein Kyi Phyu and Naw Tar

 CONTENT
• Introduction: Sigmund Freud, who is he & What is he?
• What did he do?
• Level of awareness
• Structure of personality
• Psychosexual stages of development
• Defense mechanisms
• Therapy
• Abnormal personality development
• Goals of therapy
• Techniques in therapy
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SIGMUND FREUD
FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
 SIGMUND FREUD; WHO IS HE & WHAT IS
• Born in Moravia, on May 6, 1856.
HE?
• Influenced by the works of Gothe, Darwin,Fechner, Mendel, Pasteur and Koch.
• The birth of psychoanalysis – co-worker Josef Breuer and the case of Anna O.
• Established model of personality, psychotherapy, development of theory in therapy.
• Psychic determinism; behaviour is not random assignment but lawful and connected.
• He passed away in England in 1939.

“He was by turns physician, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst,

psychologist, philosopher, and critic.”

“ Whatever Freud touched, he illuminated “

Calvin Hall (1953)
 WHAT DID HE DO...
Levels of awareness

• One of the earliest conceptualisations of Freud.

• 3 different levels of awareness to influence personality

Conscious Pre conscious Unconscious

Focus on Very
limited part of Ideas, not from Most important
environment conscious can be Determine behaviour
Attention span brought Back seat driver
Long term memory
 STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
Id Superego
Parents satisfy, but also discipline through rewards
Newborn infant, fixed source of libido and punishments.
Human instinct( sex and aggression) The adoption of parent’s values, customs and
Function- to maintain the comfortable, low-tension state incorporation with society.
Pleasure principle Individual’s built-in internal control:
Conscience, ego-ideal
Ego To control id’s primitive impulses
A result of interaction with environment .
Function- to develop sensory and muscular control, To sort out
and understand the outer world.
Identification- finding a match of inner image
Reality principle
The executive of personality
Freud said individual’s personality is formed during first five years of life, as they learn how to achieve tension
from 4 basic sources- physiological growth process, frustrations, conflicts and threats.

In Freud’s view, the development of personality, including the defense mechanisms is largely depend on the
course of psychosexual development.

Much of this development occurs during the first five years of life, after a period of relative calm for six years.
The order of sequence is same for everyone.
Freud labeled the first three stages as pregenital stages, which are oral, anal and phallic
stages.

Oral stage
Λ Occur at the first 18 months of life, pleasure centered around the infant’s
mouth(chewing, sucking , biting)
Λ Such actions reduce tension and produce pleasurable sensation
Λ Relationship with mother or caregiver is important
Λ Two dangers at this stage-
Λ If the relationship between the mother and infant is too comfortable, the child
becomes too independent and will fixate at that stage resulting over dependent
personality in later life
Λ On contrary, the child who experiences anxiety with its mother may feel insecure and
continue throughout life
Anal stage

╫ Occurring between 18 months abs 3 years of age, the child’s greatest pleasure involves anus or the
eliminative functions associated with it. Exercise of anus muscle reduce tension.
╫ Toilet training is important at this stage.
╫ If it trains strictly, the child will develop retentive personality type and become a cruel, stingy and
obstinate person.

Phallic stage
♫ Occurs between age of 3 and 6
♫ Pleasure focus on the genital as the child discover self-manipulation is enjoyable. Several psychological
development like castration anxiety, penis envy and Oedipus complex occurs.
Latency stage
₪ Occurs from 6 years of age and puberty
∂ The child represses all interests in sexuality and develop intellectual skills

Genital stage
Ω The first 3 stages can be characterized as
narcissistic, and in genital stage, self-love
begins to change into love of others
Ω A time of sexual reawakening and source of
sexual pleasure become someone outside
family
Ω Unresolved Conflicts with parents will
reemerge during adolescence . When
resolved, individual will grow into a mature
adult and capable of doing mature love
relationship
DEFENCE MECHANISM

Frustrations, conflicts, and threats faced in psychosexual stages are solved by ego, using these
mechanisms.
• Identification
• Displacement
• Repression
• Projection
• Reaction-formation
• Fixation
• Regression

The more they are used, the more rigid personality becomes.
In the early stages, the threats are from external but as the superego develops, the internal threats occur.
Identification
• The developmental process of ego and superego, with imitation, retaining the behaviour when it reduces the tension.

Displacement
• The process of redirecting energy to one object to another.
• Sublimation

Repression
• The act of forcing from consciousness an impulse that causes anxiety.
• It can have a physical effect.
• To deal with it, the individual must believe that it is no longer threatening him

Projection
• Attribution of internally caused anxiety to and object outside is called projection.
• A favourite among people who try to enhance their self-esteem.
Reaction-formation
• Ego’s attempt to deal with the impulse by concentrating upon the direct opposite.
• Phobia

Fixation
• If the anxiety of moving from one stage to another is too great, the pattern halts.

Regression
• A revert to an earlier stage instead if moving forward to another.
• Occurrences of either regression or fixation are relative in degree.

Summery
Two factors cause personality. They are maturation through a natural
growth pattern, and learning to overcome tensions by using defense
mechanisms.
A dynamic model if personality where the id, ego, and superego always
interact
A good mental health is the product of the balance among three.
Abnormal personality development

Classic psychoanalytic theories view the causes of abnormal personality is rooted within the individual. The internal
equilibrium has been disturbed and out of balance.

Two possible causes are

њ Ineffective dynamics among id, ego and superego
њ Inappropriate childhood learning

In first case, the ego has failed its role as executor. Instead of being an integrative function, the ago allows the
individual to overuse the defense mechanisms. The child uses repression to deal with impulses that deal with
anxieties, pushing them into unconscious which arise at later stage to cause difficulty.
 Coping fail

Neurotic
regression
behavior

Earlier
anxieties
and
tensions

Cycle of second case

GOALS OF THERAPY
Major goal
To bring awareness that repressed impulses are causing anxiety
Basic goal
To create a situation where it was possible for the patient to engage in behavior that would lead to
the development of insight into the motives which drive his or her behavior.
TECHNIQUES IN THERAPY

Free association

Transference

Interpretation