NATURE OF INQUIRY

AND RESEARCH
 INQUIRY- defined as “a seeking for truth,
information or knowledge. The information is

 OF THESEARC
sought through questioning.

ESEARCH MEA
Research -is derived from the old French word
Cerchier, which means to "seek or search.

Re - prefix “re” means “again”

 OF THESEARC
Search - meaning to investigate.

Literally, research means to “Investigate again”

ESEARCH MEA
.
 What is Research?
- It is as systematic inquiry that explains or
describes a phenomenon, predicts an

 OF THESEARC
outcome, and poses question for further
studies.

ESEARCH MEA
Inductive – research is done inductively if it
starts with analyzing a phenomenon and ends
with identifying its underlying principles,
theories, or processes.
deductive – approach begins with specifying
hypotheses and continues with verifying
these through evidence or data.
Synthesis:
• Research is an action (verb)
• It is both physical and mental activity
• Everybody commits mistakes, failed but it’s ok.
• Be a novice first, then eventually become an
expert (professional)
Man’s Major Problems Demand
Research
 The following are examples of man’s problems
for which products of research are born:

1.In Metro Manila, employees, teachers, students, busi
nessmen and many others find difficulty in commuting
everyday due to the heavy traffic, ___________________?
________________________. 

Hence, the LRT (Light Rail Transit) is constructed to eas
2. Three decades ago businessmen, engineers, and
accountants found difficulty in computing
_________________?________________.

So calculators were invented to solve the problem.

3. A century ago, Filipinos found difficulty in communicating with
their relatives and friends here and abroad. __________?
_________ .

The problem has been greatly reduced by new communication 
facilities such as the telephone, fax machines, cellphones, computers
and
many others which make possible even instant communication over l
ong distance.
 RESEARCH
NEW TECHNOLOGY NEW KNOWLEDGE

NEW TOOLS/ DEVICES NEW SKILLS

BETTER CONDITION/WELFARE PRACTICE

IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE

Significance of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To improve standard of living 
3. To have a safer life
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history 
6. To understand arts
haracteristics of Research
1. Recursive or Cyclical
- start with a problem and ends with a problem.

- a researcher complete his study, states findings,

draws conclusion and recommendation, several studies
may be conducted hence, research is cyclical.
haracteristics of Research
2. Empirical
- based on direct experience or observation by
researcher.

- it is based on verifiable evidence, observation, or

experience.
haracteristics of Research
3. Logical
- based on sound principle and systematic
procedure.
- scientific study is done in an orderly manner.
- systematic examination of procedures to draw valid
conclusion.
Characteristics of Research

3. Logical
Example: “weight – length relationship of
prawn cultured in fishpond using pellets and
bread meals as feeds”.

So, a valid conclusion can be drawn as the heavier the

prawn, the longer is the length or as the weight
increases, the length also increases.
haracteristics of Research
4. Critical

- research requires higher order thinking skills.

It involves interpreting data and drawing
conclusions from the gathered data.
haracteristics of Research
5. Replicable

- This means it can be repeated by other

researcher as long as its methodology is
sufficiently detailed.
haracteristics of Research
6. Solution-oriented

- Because it aims to address a particular

problem.
haracteristics of Research
7. Objective

- Because it requires accurate recording of

data through observation, interviews,
experiments, and other means.
haracteristics of Research
7. Objective

- Because it requires accurate recording of

data through observation, interviews,
experiments, and other means.
haracteristics of Research
8. Sufficient

- Research requires sufficient sources of data.

THE IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

ECONOMICALLY
Research can be used in developing human
capital, new products, technology, and
services.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

SOCIOPOLITICAL
research can provide information relevant to
policy making and governance, as well as the
improvement of relations among people.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

ENVIRONMENTAL
research findings provide necessary
information on how to attain sustainable
development without degrading our natural
resources.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

MEDICAL DEVELOPMENT

to promote a better understanding of health

issues and lead to advancement in medical
practices.
RESEARCH PROCESS
RESEARCH PROCESS

Select or Narrow down Conduct preliminary Formulate thesis and Develop preliminary
the topic research research questions outline

Gather additional Write the introduction Plan the research Develop/Adopt/Modify

references and literature review methodology Research Instruments

Revisit and the revise Write the summary,

Write the result and
Gather and analyze data introduction and conclusions and
discussion
literature review recommendations

Consolidate the full Disseminate the research

paper and add a Edit the full paper findings (presentation or
reference list publications).
RESEARCH PROCESS

Select or Narrow down the topic

 Relevance
 addresses a need or problem
 availability of resources
RESEARCH PROCESS

Conduct preliminary research

 reviewing the existing books
 Journals
 Reports
 internet
Note : the information during this stage will be useful in
formulating thesis statement and research questions.
RESEARCH PROCESS

Formulate thesis and research questions

Thesis statement is the central idea of the research paper
 What does the researcher aim to achieve through research?

Research question are the specific inquiries that you would like to
investigate on.
 Gives proper direction to the researcher to go ahead
RESEARCH PROCESS

Develop preliminary outline

Model paper: is a research paper that is similar
to your research in terms of topic and
methodology. Use this model paper and your
references as a guide in writing your introduction
and literature review.
RESEARCH PROCESS

Gather additional references

 Reviewing the existing books
 Journals
 Reports
 Internet
 PhD thesis
 Conference proceedings
RESEARCH PROCESS

Write the introduction and literature review

 Provide an overview of the relevant of the

study
 Illustrate how the study will advance
knowledge on the topic
RESEARCH PROCESS

Plan research methodology

 Research design
 Participants
 Instrument to be used
 procedure for gathering and analyzing data
RESEARCH PROCESS

Develop/Adopt/Modify Research Instruments

Instruments: are tools used for gathering data.

 Self made instrument: prepared by the researcher
themselves
 Modified instrument: existing instrument slightly
modified to cater to the study
 Adopted instrument: are existing instrument that are
used without any modification.
RESEARCH PROCESS

Gather and analyze data

 Encode
 Tally
 Tabulate
 Analyze the data
RESEARCH PROCESS

Revisit and the revise introduction and literature review

RESEARCH PROCESS

Write the result and discussion

Presentation of results and

discussion must
match the flow of specific research
or objectives.
RESEARCH PROCESS

Write the summary, conclusions and

recommendations
RESEARCH PROCESS

Consolidate the full paper and add a

reference list
Edit the full paper

Disseminate the research findings

(presentation or publications).
 preliminary pages
 Title
 main text
 Introduction
 Summary of findings
 Main report
 Conclusion
 recommendation
 appendices
RESEARCH ETHICS
RESEARCH ETHICS
- Refers to the moral principles and code of
conduct that define what good and
acceptable research practice is.
RESEARCH ETHICS

General Research Practice:

1. Be objective in your research.
2. Disclose any potential conflict of interest.
RESEARCH ETHICS

Data Management and Plagiarism:

1. Avoid Fabricating or making up data or results.
2. Avoid falsifying data, or changing or deleting data just to
prove your point.
3. Always cite your sources. Avoid taking another person’s
ideas as your own.
RESEARCH ETHICS

Data Management and Plagiarism:

4. Avoid Self-plagiarism or reusing your own research.
5. Avoid ghostwriting or asking someone to write a research
paper for you.
6. Avoid confidentiality of collected data. Refrain from sharing
your data to any unauthorized person
RESEARCH ETHICS

Authorship:
Avoid including someone as an author if he or
she did not have any significant contribution
to the paper.
RESEARCH ETHICS

Use of Humans and Animals:

1. Inform and ask permission from the people who will be the
subject of your research.
2. Refrain from inflicting harm on human participants
3. Animals can only be harmed if there legitimate scientific
benefits from doing so.
RESEARCH ETHICS

Use of Humans and Animals:

4. When it comes to personal information, collect only
those that are relevant to the study.
5. Refrain from forcing anyone to participate in your research.
6. Avoid choosing participants based on convenience alone.
TYPE OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Research has three type according to

their purpose:
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
3. Action Research
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. Basic Research

• Basic Research may provide sufficient

evidence to prove a certain concept or
principle under investigation, resulting in
new knowledge or validated theories.
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. Basic Research
• This type of research has no immediate
application to the real world

• “the relationship between frequency of

Facebook use, participation in Facebook
activities, and student engagement.”
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

2. Applied Research
• Usually leads to new products or new
technologies that can later on be
commercialized and adopted widely.
• “using Facebook to enhance the academic
collaboration among college students in the
Philippines”.
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

3. Action Research
• Focuses on solving problems within a
organization or community.
• Findings from this type of research should
be interpreted with caution because they
are intended for local and not universal
applicability.
TYPE OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

3. Action Research

• “Using Facebook-based e-portfolio in an English

communication arts course in a private
Philippine university.”
QUANTITATIVE
VS
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

There are two approaches

to collecting and analyzing
data:

• qualitative research
• quantitative research.
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research
- expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test
or confirm theories and assumptions.

• Surveys, experimental research, observational research,

content analysis
QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research
- expressed in words. It is used to
understand concepts, thoughts or
experiences.

• Interviews, focus groups, case studies, 

discourse analysis
ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Purpose To describe and To test hypotheses,
understand establish causal
social relationship, make
phenomena and predictions, and
interactions generalize from
findings.
among people
ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Sample Small sample Larger sample size
size size
required
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Sampling Purposive Random sampling
method sampling
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Relationship Less formal Formal
with the
participants
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Data needed Verbal Statistical
information, information
images, and and numbers
artifacts (text- (number-
based) based)
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Data Interview, Test, Experiment,
Collection Observation, pretest-posttest,
and any other
Method document method that
analysis requires precise
measurements
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Data Content Statistical
Analysis Analysis and Analysis
coding
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Level of Moderate to Low
Subjectivity high
 ASPECTS QUALITATIV QUANTITATIVE
E RESEARCH RESEARCH
Generalizability Low High
Generalizabi Generalizability
lity
ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Scientific Exploratory, Confirmatory,
Method Bottom-up, or top-down, or
inductive deductive
(i.e., generating hypotheses (i.e., testing hypotheses
or theories from the data) or theories through
data)
ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Research Typically in a Typically in
Setting natural setting controlled
Setting
 ASPECTS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Reporting Typically narrative Statistical
with description of Reporting
context and
examples from the
participants’
responses
Imagine you’re looking down on a city from a helicopter
at 5,000 feet. From here, you count all of the vehicles
on a particular road, and conclude that 60% of vehicles
are cars, 30% are trucks, and the rest are motorbikes.
This would be a quantitative fact. If you then landed on
the ground and interviewed some motorbike riders
about their thoughts on truck drivers, the notes or
recording of those interviews would be qualitative data.
 LESSON 2:
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

What is Qualitative Research?

- Its main goals are to describe and explain
relationships, individual experiences, group

 OF THESEARC
norms, and other social phenomena.

ESEARCH MEA
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Kinds of qualitative
research
• Ethnography
• Grounded Theory
• Phenomenology
• Historical /Narrative
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ETHNOGRAPHY
The researcher overtly or covertly
participates in the lives and experiences of
the target participants for a long period of
time to understand their culture.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

GROUNDED
THEORY
Involves developing a theory through
inductive analysis of data.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PHENOMENOLOGY
Involves understanding and developing a clear
and accurate description of human
experiences.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

HISTORICAL
/NARRATIVE
Describe a phenomenon by weaving together
a series of events to form a cohesive story.

In this approach , data are collected from one

or two individuals.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

CASE STUDY
Provides an in-depth description of a
problem or situation set in a specific context.
PRACTICE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. What kind of qualitative

research describes a social
group and how its members
live?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2. What kind of qualitative

research describes a situation
in a specific context
extensively?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

3. What kind of qualitative

research describes a
phenomenon and the events
related to it?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

4. What kind of qualitative

research describes the lived
experiences of an individual?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

5. What kind of qualitative

research develops theory from
qualitative data?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Importance of Qualitative Research

across Fields
• Humanities and Social Inquiry
• Culture and the Arts
• Sports
• Agriculture and Fisheries
• Science and Technology
• Business
• Information and Communication Technology
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Humanities and Social

•Inquiry
To understand the behavior of other people.
• To understand their actions and experiences.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Culture and the arts

• To understand people’s culture
• Helps in propagation and preservation
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Sports
• To understand the problems of athletes and
the challenges
• To know how crucial physical activities are in
making citizens active and healthy.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Agriculture and Fisheries

• An information on the beliefs of farmers,
their practices, and the challenges they
experience.

• To use the information in identifying ways to

increase food production.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Science and Technology

• It helps improving technology and medical
services.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Business
• It can help you analyze human relations in
the workplace, processes in company,
customer satisfaction, and sales and
marketing activities.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Information and Communication

Technology
• To understand how technology can
supplement human communication and
interactions.
Example: Examining the quality of human interactions in
computer mediated communication.
LESSON 3:
Identifying the
Inquiry and stating
the problem
Identifying the Inquiry and stating the problem

Outcomes:
The learners will be able to:
 Design a research project related to everyday
life;
 Write a research title;
 Describe the justification or reason for
conducting the study;
Identifying the Inquiry and stating the problem

Outcomes:
The learners will be able to:
 State the research questions;
 Indicate the scope and delimitation of the
research;
 Cite the benefits and beneficiaries of the
research; and
 Write the statement of the problem.
Identifying the Inquiry and stating the problem

Selecting a Research Topic

1. Relevance
2. Interest
3. Manageability
4. Availability of resources
Identifying the Inquiry and stating the problem

Presenting the background

of the study and
establishing the Research
Gap
Presenting the background of the study and establishing the
Research Gap

Background of the study

Describes the current state of your field of
study and the issues that compelled you to
undertake your research.
Presenting the background of the study and establishing the
Research Gap

Components of the
Background of the study.
Presenting the background of the study and establishing the
Research Gap

1. Description of the
current state of the field
Presenting the background of the study and establishing the
Research Gap

2. Statement of the
problem: description of the
issues that will be
addressed by the study.