Course:

WU 1602/ 2 CES
Semester VI
Class: International
Thursday, 12:50 – 14:30
Venue: FT. 07

Lecturers:
1.Dr.rer.nat. Sance Lipu, ST, M.Eng
2.Dr. Ir. I Wayan Sutapa, M.Eng
Research Methodology m1

Rules and Mechanisms:

Face to Face Class : min 14 - 16 folds

Presences : min 75 % of FtFC (min11 - 12 times),
considered to take Final Exam

Course Loads : - Presence vs Absent

- Assignments (Individual or Groups)
- Scientific Article/ Writing
- Active in class and Presentation
- Mid Term
- Final Exam
Marking Composition : - Presence 10 %
- Assignments and activity 20 %
- Mid Term 35 %
- Final Exam 35 %
My CV:

1.Sance Lipu
(ST, Jurusan Sipil Fakultas Teknik Univ.
Hasanuddin, 1996)
(M. Eng, River engineering and River Basin
Development, IHE Belanda, 1999)
(Dr.rer.nat., Landscape Ecology, Georg-
August University of Goettingen, Jerman, 2007)
Konsentrasi: Hydrology, Hydraulics,
Sediment study, River Engineering, PSDA
Science and
Research
Fundamental
What is research:
Research comes from English Inggris: Research.

Re = repetition, to search = inquiry

Research = mencari kembali
Research  Riset

What is research...
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/research:      
Research is a ​detailed ​study of a ​subject, ​especially in ​order to ​discover
(new) ​information or ​reach a (new) ​understanding: ​scientific/ medical
 researcha research ​student/​assistant/​laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research
Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to
increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and
society, enineering and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
applications."[1] It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of
previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop
new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the
field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research
may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary
purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) aredocumentation, 
discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods
and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research
depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between
humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, 
humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research,
etc.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research:

Simple Definition of research

•Careful study that is done to find and report new knowledge about something
•The activity of getting information about a subject

Full Definition of research

1.Careful or diligent search

2.Studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation
aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or
laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised
theories or laws
3.The collecting of information about a particular subject
https://explorable.com/definition-of-research:

Definition of Research

Martyn Shuttleworth:
In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any
gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.

Reading a factual book of any sort is a kind of research. Surfing the internet
or watching the news is also a type of research.

Science does not use this word in the same way, preferring to restrict it to
certain narrowly defined areas. The word ‘review’ is more often used to
describe the learning process which is one of the underlying tenets of the
rigid structures defining scientific research.
Important character of research:
In a scientific research it is always found 2 important aspects,
they are observation and reasoning

Observation is a work in which the knowledge of certain

facts obtained through the work of the eyes (observation)
using perception.

Reasoning is a force sense of the facts and relationships to

knowledge that arises, defined as recent knowledge.
 Important characters of research  Characteristic of
research
Research also has the properties (characteristics) that strengthens
its distinctive character (Crawford, 1928):

- Research revolves around the problem to be solved

- Research, at least contains an element of originality
(authenticity)
- The study should be based on the view of 'curiousity'
- Research should be done with open views
-Research must be done based on the assumption that a
phenomenon has laws and regulations (order)
- Research aims to find a proposition or a generalization
- Research is the study of ‘cause and effect'
- Research must use accurate measurements
- Research must use a technique that is known or recognized
Relations of Science, Research and the Truth:
(Almack, 1930)

Research Science/knowledge

(process) (result)

(Whitney, 1960)

Science/ Truth
Research
knowledge

(process) (result)
(process)
The truth can be obtained scientifically but can also be
obtained non-scientifically.

Truth that is non-scientific, such as:

•The discovery of the truth by accident

•The discovery of the truth of common sense
•The discovery of truth through revelation
•The discovery of the truth intuitively
•The discovery of truth by trial and error
•The discovery of truth by speculation
•The discovery of the truth as authority.
 Understanding the Scientific Method

Almack 1939:
The Scientific Method is the way of how to
implement logical principles of the invention,
validation and explanation of the truth.

Ostle, 1975:
Scientific Method is the pursuit of something to
get something interrelation (interconnected).
 Research Methodology
Criterium
1. Based on the facts
2. Free from prejudice
3. Using the principles of
analysis
4. Using the hypothesis
5. Using objective measures
6. Using the techniques of
quantification
Steps
1. Selecting and defining the
problem
2. Make survey for available data
3. Formulate the hypotheses
4. Establishing a framework of
analysis and tools for testing
hypotheses
5. Collecting the primary data
6. Process, analyze and interpret the
data
7. Make generalizations and
conclusions
8. Make a report
Criteria of Scientific Method:

In order for a method that used in the study is the

scientific method, the method should have the
following criteria:

•Based on the facts

•Free from bias
•Using the principles of analysis
•Using hypothesis
•Using objective measures or units
•Using the techniques of quantification (measurable)
Steps in the scientific method:

According to Schluter (1926), there are 15

steps in conducting research with the
scientific method:

1.Electoral field, topic or title research

2.Conducting field surveys to define the
problems to be solved
3.Build a bibliography (bibliography
referenced)
4.Formulate and define the problem(s)
5.Sorting out and make ouline elements of the
problem(s)
6.Classify elements in relation to the problem
according to the data or evidence, either
directly or indirectly
Steps in the scientific method (cont..)

8.Determine whether the data or evidence is

available or not
9.Test to see if the problem can be solved or not
10.Collecting data and information required
11.Systematically organize the data to be analyzed
12.Analyzing the data and evidence obtained to
make interpretation
13.Adjusting the data for presentation and
appearance
14.Using citation, references or footnotes
15.Writing research reports
 Theory

Research Problems Field problems

Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal k

Theoretical Framework/ Concept

Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis k

Data collection

Data Analysing

Data Inteprtation

Generalisation

Conclusion
 Research Method:

Methodology or research method is a method,

procedures, tools and a design that is used to
conduct research. The goal is to answer
hypothesis(es) built based on literature or
phenomena that occur.

In doing research, a researcher must answer three

main questions as follows:

1.What sequence of work that is used in measuring

or in collecting the data?
2.What tools used in measuring or in collecting the
data?
3.How to carry out such research?
There are 14 methods of research suggested
by Crawford (1928):

1.Experiment
2.History
3.Psychological
4.Case Studies
5.Survey
6.Creating a curriculum
7.Employment analysis
8.Interview
9.Questioner
10.Observation
11.Measurement
12.Statistics
13.Tables and Graphs
14.Library techinque
Recently, research can be grouped into five
general groups as follows:

•Historical approach
•Description Methods/survey:
- Survey Methods;
- Sustainable Descriptive Method;
- Case Study Method;
- Analytical Methods of Work and Activities;
- Comparative Study Methods;
- Methods of Time and Movement Studies
•Experimental methods
•Grounded Research Methods
•Action Research Methods