Operating System

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 Boot Process:
To boot a computer is to load an operating system into the computer's main
memory or random access memory (RAM). Once the operating system is
loaded (and, for example, on a PC, you see the initial Windows or Mac
desktop screen), it's ready for users to run applications.

When the computer's power is first turned on, the CPU initializes itself, and
part of the CPU's initialization is to look to the system's ROM BIOS for its first
instruction in the startup program. The ROM BIOS stores the first instruction,
which is the instruction to run the power-on self test (POST).

Once the POST has determined that all components are functioning properly
and the CPU has successfully initialized, the BIOS looks for an operating
system to load.

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 Kernel
The kernel is a computer program that is the core of a computer's operating
system, with complete control over everything in the system.

It is one of the first programs loaded on start-up (after the bootloader). It

handles the rest of start-up as well as input/output requests from software,
translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing
unit. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers,
and speakers.

The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of
memory, which is protected from access by application programs or other,
less critical parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its tasks, such
as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the hard disk, and
handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space.

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Kernel….

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Operating System Functions

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 Scheduling:
The process scheduling is the activity of the process manager that handles
the removal of the running process from the CPU and the selection of
another process on the basis of a particular strategy.

Process scheduling is an essential part of a Multiprogramming operating

systems. Such operating systems allow more than one process to be loaded
into the executable memory at a time and the loaded process shares the CPU
using time multiplexing.

The OS maintains Process Scheduling Queues. The OS can use different

policies to manage queue (FIFO, Round Robin, Priority, etc.). The OS
scheduler determines how to move processes between the ready and run
queues which can only have one entry per processor core on the system.

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Scheduling….

Scheduling….

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 Disk Management:
Disk Management is a utility built into different operating systems which can
be used to create, delete, format partitions, assign drive letters, and much
more. Disk Management can also be used to view partitions and their
formatted file systems on the hard drive.

It enables users to view and manage the disk drives installed in their
computer and the partitions associated with those drives.

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 Process management:
Current-day computer systems let multiple programs to be loaded into
memory and execute them concurrently. This massive change and
development required rigid control and more compartmentalization in various
programs.

Process management is an integral part of any modern-day operating system

(OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to
share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from
other processes and enable synchronization among processes.

To meet these requirements, the OS must maintain a data structure for each
process, which describes the state and resource ownership of that process,
and which enables the OS to exert control over each process.

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 Process management….
As a process executes, it changes state. The state of a process is defined in
part by the current activity of that process. Each process may be in one of
the following states:

New: In this state, the process is being created.

Running: In this state, instructions are being executed.

Waiting: In this state, the process is waiting for the different event to occur
like I/O completion or treatment of a signal.

Ready: In this state, the process waits to assign a processor.

Terminated: In this state, the process has finished executing.

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 Memory Management:
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which
handles or manages primary memory and moves processes back and forth
between main memory and disk during execution.

Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location,

regardless of either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how
much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will
get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or
unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.

Memory management also provide security between for applications running

in the memory.

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 File Management:
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and
usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. An Operating
System does the following activities for file management:

• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective

facilities are often known as file system.

• Decides who gets the resources.

• Allocates the resources.

• De-allocates the resources.

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 File Management:
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and
usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. An Operating
System does the following activities for file management:

• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective

facilities are often known as file system.

• Decides who gets the resources.

• Allocates the resources.

• De-allocates the resources.

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