PRINCIPAL STRESSES

& STRAIN
 PRINCIPAL PLANE

 Are the two planes where the normal stress () is

the maximum or minimum

 There are no shear stresses on principal planes

 These two planes are mutually perpendicular

 PRINCIPAL STRESS
 Magnitude of normal stress acting on the
principal plane

MAJOR PRINCIPAL STRESS (σ1)-

 The maximum value of normal stress acting

on principal plane

MINOR PRINCIPAL STRESS (σ2)-

 The minimum value of normal stress acting

on principal plane
MAJOR PRINCIPAL PLANE –

 The plane which carry major principal stresses

MINOR PRINCIPAL PLANE –

 The plane which carry major principal stresses

Uniaxial-
a c

σx σx
b d

Biaxial- σy
a c

σx σx
b d

σy
 Triaxial y
xy
xy
xy

x x
A

State of Stress at A

6
 ANALYTICAL METHOD
Sign Convention

 Tensile = +ve
 Compressive = -ve

Positive Sence Negative Sence

  


 
 
Normal & tangentail stresses on oblique plane-
 Resolving forces normal to AE-

    x AB cos   AB sin   BE cos    y BE sin 

We get;

  x  y    x  y 
        cos 2   sin 2
 2   2 
.....
1
 Resolving forces along AE-

 n   x ABs in    ABc os    BEs in    y BEc os 

We get;

  
n    s in 2   c os 2
x y

 2 
 ----- 2
Resultant of oblique plane

2 2
 r   n n

And
 n 
tan  p   
 n 

 n 
 p  tan 1
 
 n 
Position of principal plane
 It is plane with no shear stress

i.e n 0
Put it into equ -2

Tan 2   2
 x  y

----- 3
Magnitude of principal stresses-
---- 4

---- 5
Position of plane of maximum shear stress
Put

---- 6
Magnitude of maximum shear stress and
minimum shear strain

2

2

 y  x
Maximum stress value would be get if this value
put in equation 2
---- 7
 +ve sign indicate that this stress tend to
rotate the element into clockwise direction.

 -ve sign indicate that this stress tend to

rotate the element into anti-clockwise
direction.
Magnitude of normal stress on plane
of maximum shear stress-
θs1 =θs
 
Tan 2  s  
x y

2
 
Sin 2  s   Cos 2  s
x y

2
Putting this value into equation of normal stress-

   
  x y

x y
Cos 2    Sin 2 
2 2
 x  y  x  y  x  y
   Cos 2   Cos 2
2 2 2

x  y
 
2

---- 8
1  2

2
Body subjected to normal bi-axial
stresses only-
Put τ=0 in eqn 1

 
x  y
2

 x  y
2
Cos 2 ---- 9

 
 x  y
Sin 2 ---- 10 σy
2
a c

σx σx
b d

σy
σ 1= σ x & σ 2= σ y

Maximum shear stress

1  2
 max 
2

 x  y
 max 
2
Direction of planes of maximum shear stress= 450 inclined to principal
Plane

 x xy  xz 
 
Stress tensor   yx  y yz 
   
 zx zy z 

plane stress condition

 x  y    
z xy yz zx  T
Body subjected to uniaxial stress only
σy= 0 τ=0 in equ 1

1. Normal & tangential stress on given oblique plane

 x  x a c
    Cos 2 
2 2

 x σx σx
   ( 1  Cos 2  ) b d
2

    x Cos 2


 x
   Sin 2 
2
2. Principal plane and principal stresses
σ1= σx

3. Minimum shear stress

1  2
 min 
2

x
 min 
2
4. Deviation of plane of maximum shear stress
– 45 degree inclined to principal plane

1  2
5. 3 
2

x
3 
2
Magnitude of maximum shear stress and
minimum shear stress

2
 x  
 max    y
    2
 2 

2
 x  y 
 min        2
 2 
 Magnitude of normal stresses on the plane of
maximum shear stress

 
Tan 2  s  
x y

 
Sin 2  s   Cos 2  s
x y

Substituting in the equation of normal stress

x  y  x  y
n   Cos 2   Sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y  x  y
n   Cos 2  Cos 2
2 2 2

 
 n 
x y

1 
 n  2
2
Two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses(body subjected to bi-axial stress
only)
σy
 Stresses σ & τ act on ‘ln’ plane
n n l p

at angle θ to ‘lm’.
l σx m n
σx
 σn
σy
σx
τn

m n

σy
Resolving normal to LN

 n * LN   x LMCos    y MNSin 

LM MN
n x Cos    y Sin
LN LN

 n   x Cos 2   y Sin 2

x y
n  2 Cos  
2
2 Sin 2
2 2

By solving
 x  y  x  y
n 
2

2
Cos 2 ---- 1
When
θ=0 ,  n x & θ=90, n  y
MOHR’S CIRCLE
τ
 tensile= +ve (right to o)
 compressive=-ve (left to o)

σ
 Clockwise shear stress
o
=+ve
 Anticlockwise shear stress

=-ve
Mohr’s circle construction for like
stresses
x = 1
R
D

τmax
R x’
φ 2θ

o c E A
y = 2

xy’
 Mark ‘o’ , draw vertical and horizontal axis
through ‘o’.
 Mark OA=σx & OA=σy , towards right of O
with some suitable scale.
 Mark mid point of AB as C. With center C & dia
AB draw circle.
 Through C, draw line CD making an angle 2θ
with CA in anti-clockwise direction.
 From D, draw perpendicular on OA, join OD
 From C, draw perpendicular on CR, join OA
From fig,
 Length OE= Normal stress
 Length CD= Shear stress
 Length OD= Resultant shear stress