3-D Computer

Graphics
Multimedia Technology
Universitas Surabaya
Highlights
• 3-D Computer Graphics
• Application
• Creation Steps:
• Modeling
• Surface Definition
• Scene Composition
• Rendering
3-D Computer Graphics
• 3-D graphics add realism and visual impact and they are an
increasingly important area of multimedia development
• Challenging both for artist and programmer -> how to make 3d
scene? Light source? Etc.
• 3-D graphics applications are the sophisticated, powerful programs
that make all this possible.
3-D Computer Graphics Applications
• 3Ds Max -> optimal for someone who is learning 3D, and wants to
take it into a profession ($1250 annually)
• Maya -> has amazing character animation and modeling tools
breathtaking visual effects for film and television ($1250 annually)
• Softimage -> have vast array of options for create custom animations,
Softimage 2015 will be the last version
• Zbrush -> character modelling, sculpting ($795)
• Blender -> 100% free
3-D Computer Graphics Applications
Steps in the Creation of 3-D Images
• Modeling
• Surface Definition
• Scene Composition
• Rendering
Modeling
• Is the process of specifying the shape of 3-D object
• Two approaches of modelling:
• Using primitives object
• Scaled, rotated, moved, combined
• Cubes, cone, cylinder, sphere, etc
• Boolean operator to combine two object
(union/subtract/intersect)
• Using modeler
• Polygons, Spline, Metaballs, Formula
Polygon Modeling
• The object is defined as a pattern of straight-edged polygons, usually
triangles or quadrilaterals
• Computer calculate which surfaces will be visible based on a viewing angle
• Advantages:
• Precise editing controls (edge, vertex, surfaces)
• Can produce high quality, realistic surface (by increasing number of polygons)
• Disadvantages:
• Relative large size (based on polygons count) -> problem with video game
character which usually limited by polygons budget
• Scaling distortions
Polygon Modeling
Spline Modeling
• Is curve based and is similar to two dimensional vector graphics
• Popular Spline Modeling : NURBs
• NURBs define an image using mathematical formulas that can be adjusted to
vary its size and shape
• NURBs:
• Non-Uniform -> more easily bent in some area
• Rational -> based on mathematically defined ratio
• B-Spline -> variant of Bezier Curve
Spline Modeling
Spline Modeling
• Advantages:
• Smaller file
• Flexible Objects
• Scaling without deterioration in quality
• Disadvantages:
• Does not provide the precise editing control of polygons
Metaball Modeling
• Creates objects as combinations of elements called blobs (try to
mimic building object using clay)
• Blobs are variously shaped (spheres, cubes, cylinders, etc.) and are
either positive or negative
• Positive -> add
• Negative -> subtract
• Usually for creating object with soft edges (like cushion, animal
bodies)
Metaball Modeling
• See it in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBpmjhshFQI
Formula Modeling
• Creates objects by specifying mathematical formulas that are
subsequently drawn by the computer
• Two popular methods:
• Extrusion
• Process of extending two-dimensional shape through space to create three-dimensional
object
• Lathe
• Process of creating a three-dimensional object by rotating a two –dimensional line on an
axis
Formula Modeling
Surface Definition
• Texture that are applied to 3-D object model
• Materials:
• Fabric
• Wood
• Stone
• Glass
• Metal
• Each materials have different characteristic that varies from color,
transparency, and the way its reflect lights
Bump Map
• Is a three-dimensional texture produced by varying shades of color
Bump Map
Scene Composition
• Arranging 3-D Object (Model, Lightning) on 3-D World
• Working on X-Y-Z-axes Coordinate system
• Common method: Alignment, grouping and linking object
• 3-D Realism can be produced by accurately representing the interplay
of light with the various object
Lightning Type
• Omni light -> spread light equally to all directions (ex: sun)
Lightning Type
• Spot light -> focus a cone of light on a relatively small area
Lightning Type
• Volumetric light -> represents the shafts of light from movie
projectors, street lamps, sun ray through window
Rendering
• Is the process through which the computer creates the scenes
specified by the artist.
• Two approaches:
• Prerendering
• Real-time Rendering
Prerendering
• Is the process in which video footage is not rendered in real-time by the
hardware that is outputting or playing back the video
• Characteristic:
• Still graphics/Animation
• Limited interactivity
• Depends on complexity,
prerendering consumes time to
produce image

Cars 2 Disney Pixar ->

Rendered with 12.500 CPU Cores
11.5 hours / frame
Real-time Rendering
• Is the process creating synthetic images fast enough on the computer so
that the viewer can interact with a virtual environment
• Characteristics:
• Highly interactive
• Video Games

Counter Strike Global

Offensive ->
Real-time Rendering
• Is the process creating synthetic images fast enough on the computer so
that the viewer can interact with a virtual environment
• Characteristics:
• Highly interactive
• Video Games

3Ds Max 2015 ->

Rendering Technique
• Artist need to be able to visualize their scenes as they place objects,
plain their camera angles, add texture, and adjust lightning.
• They use various rendering technique:
• Wireframe
• Smooth Shading
• Ray Tracing
Rendering Technique
Wireframe Smooth Shading Ray Tracing

• No surface • Object is tessellated (broken into • Realistic

• Quick performance pattern of polygons) • Tracing each ray of light and
• Used to test object • Using shader to calculate color calculating its path as it interacts
placement on 3D scene value of pixels (shader is shading with object
algorithm) • Used to test particular scene
• Performance depends on shader • Mostly final rendering process
complexity (flat vs smooth)
Rendering Process
• Translates 3-D information to 2-D image
• Output:
• Still image
• Frame images -> Animation/Movie
Rendering Styles
Cell Shading

Photo Realistic ->

• <- Street Fighter IV

Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker ->

In-Game Screenshot of
GTA V
Photo Realistic Mod
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity

Ray Tracing
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity
Shadows, Reflection, Bumps
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity
Refraction, Transperencies
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity
Direct Light
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity
Skylight
Rendering Parameter
• Each rendering style have series of adjustable parameter:
• Ray Tracing
• Shadows
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Bumps
• Transparencies
• Indirect Lightning
• Skylight
• Radiosity
Radiosity
Rendering Fun Facts
• Avatar movies takes 1 petabyte of storage space, equivalent to a 32
YEAR long MP3.
• 40,000 processors and 104 terabytes of RAM
• Each frame (1/24 of a second) of the CGI scenes took an average of 47
hours to render.
Render Farms
• Set of computers connected to each other that can take render jobs
from 3D software
Rendering Fun Facts
• Transformer 3
• Driller has 70,051 parts
• Optimus Prime has 10,108

• It took 288 hours per frame to render

• In one day (final deadline), it has 200,000 rendering hours per day or
equivalent with 22.8 years of render time in a single 24 hours period
Rendering Fun Facts – Big Hero 6
• Use 55,000-core super computer spread across four geographic
locations
• San Fransokyo has 83,000 buildings, 260,000 trees, 215,000 street
lights, 100,000 vehicles + crowds
Conclusions
• 3-D Graphics take advantage of powerful computer processing to
create a different type of digital image
• Multimedia process of producing 3-D Graphics: modeling, surface
definition, Scene composition, Rendering
• 3-D Graphics making is advancing rapidly and is an increasingly
important part of modern multimedia development