CHEMICAL

SUBSTANCES,
ADDITIVE, & ADDICTIVE
SMPK PENABUR
I. Chemicals Substances
Based on its characteristic:

 Easy to burn
 Gasoline, alcohol, kerosene
 Easy to explode
 Sodium metal, lighter materials
 Corrosive
 Sulfuric acid (lead acid accumulator), acetate acid
(vinegar)
 Poisonous
 Mercury, insecticide
Chemical \@.@/

 Are you free from chemical substance?

 What are they?
 Addictive and additive
A. Chemical Substances

 Natural……
 Ex:?

 Synthetic
 Ex:?
B. Chemical Substances in Daily Life

1. Cleaning Product
2. Bleaching Agent
3. Fragrances
4. Disinfectant
5. Antiseptic
1. Cleaning Product

Ancient time?
Use animal fat and plant oils

Now?
Nowadays…

 Detergent  increase the cleaning clean

ability
 Soap
 Toothpaste
1. Soap  +cream, fragrance, color, vitamin
2. Detergent increase the water cleaning
ability, can lift dirt that stick to laundry
3. Shampoo  +substances to make hair
healthier and scented
4. Toothpaste  to protect our teeth from
decaying bacteria, leftover food&drink
 Toothpaste
 Contain cleaning and abrasive substances
▪ CaCO3, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium phospate, tri
calcium phospate, sodium meta phospate, and silica gel
 Also contain fluoride  strengthen tooth enamel
 Coagulating agent: polyethylen glycol
 Preservative: methylparahydroxibenzoate
NEGATIVE EFFECT

 PHOSPATE  BLOOMING
P increase, water plant increase
Water plant die  need O2
Other creatures lack of O2

 ALLERGENT  ALLERGY
2. Bleaching Agent

 Get rid the stains

 NaClO (sodium
hypochlorite)
 Bleach powder
Ca(ClO)2 
poisonous
 Can damage fabric
3. Fragrances
Chemical substances that produce smell
perfume, room fragrance, car fragrance

lemon citral
jasmine jasmine
rose geraniol
 4. DESINFECTANTS
Subs that kill bacteria, apply to materials

5. Antiseptics : antimicrobes subs that is given

to body tissue to reduce infection
6. PESTICIDE

 To kill pest
 Insecticide = insect

 Restricted: DDT
 persists in the environment
 accumulates in fatty tissues
 can cause adverse health effects on wildlife
 Human: reproductive problems or birth defects in
humans.
Effects of Chemical Usage

 Skin irritation
 Cancer
 Polution
PREVENTIVE ACTION

 Read composition
 Usage direction
 Environmental friendly
 Away from heat and children
 Never careless throw away
What’s in your mind?
ADDITIVE
ADDITIVES
 Subs that are added into food while
processing and storing, for:
 Extra nutrition
 Add some flavor
 Better appearance
 Preservation
Type of Additives

A. Increase Nutritional Value

 loss during process
 add some ‘plus’ nutrition
Ex: vitamin, mineral, amino acid, carotene
b. Sweeteners
 Natural: sugarcane, beet,
palm sugar, rock sugar, honey
 Synthetics
 Saccharin
 Cyclamate (30x)  carcinogenic
 Aspartame (200x)
 Sorbitol
 Aspartame+Sorbitol  diabetic people
c. coloring

 Sustain or regain
the natural colour
of the food
 Natural and
Artificial
Colouring

NATURAL

 Tumeric
 Pleomele SYNTHETIC
 Beet
  Tartrazene
Palm sugar
 Sunset yellow FCF
 Allura red AC
 Erythrocine
 Fast green FCF
 Brilliant blue
 Indigocarmine/indigotine
 Benzyl violete
 Amaranth
Example..
Colour Natural Synthetics
Red Beet, angkak, flower ofvegetable Erythorcyne, allura red AC,
starfruit, teak leaves carmoisin
Yellow tumeric Tartrazine, quinoline
yellow
Green Pleomele leaves (suji), screwpine Fast green FCF
(pandan)
Orange Anatto, carrot Sunset yellow FCF
Brown Palm sugar, cocoa fruit -
Blue violet Butterfly pea (kembang telang) Brilliant blue, benzyl violet

Missuse: Rhodamin (red), metanil

yellow (yellow), D&C Orange no. 17
(orange)
Be Careful!

Not made for food !

 Rhodamin B  red
 Mephynil yellow  yellow

Can cause:
 Cancer
 Liver diseases
 Toxication
 Irritation in lungs, eye, throats, nose, digestive
system
d. Preservatives

 Preserve food
 Natural
 Salt, sugar, vinegar, ice, smoking, drying
 Technology: UV, ozone, high heating, sterilization
 Synthetic
 Natrium nitrate  meat
 Natrium bisulphyte  syrup, tomato sauce, soft drink,
preserve fish, sausate, margarine, soysauce, manisan
 Phospate acid  drink
 Sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium nitrate &
sodium nitrite  bread, cookies, biscuit (>200ppm=poison)
 Benzoic acid
 ascorbic acid, citric acid  acidic taste
 Ethanoic acid, tartrate acid
 Sodium benzoate, potasium nitrate and nitrite
Formalin
- to preserve corpse
- effects on food fluffy , long lasting
dan strong chems escent

 fish, meat, noodle, tofu

Effects
stomach ulcer, alergic, carsinogenic
and mutagen
Symptomps
throw up, bleeding diarrhea , bleeding
urine, can lead to death because
damage on blood circulation system.
 Borax detergent, cosmetics
 meatballs
Effects:
Damaging central nervous system,digestive
system , liver and kidney

SYMPTOMPS
Throw up color green-blue, diarrhea, itchy on
skin
5.Flavoring
Increase taste of food
natural:
 Sugar
 Salt
 Clove (cengkeh)
 Nutmeg (pala)
 Pepper
 Chilli
 Galangal (lengkuas)
 Turmeric (kunyit)
 Coriander (ketumbar)
synthesis:
•MSG (monosodium glutamate) Chinese
restaurants syndrome
•Vinegar
•amile acetate (1-pentylethanoate)  banana
•octile acetate (1-octilethanoate)  orange aroma
•amile valerateapple aroma
•Ethyl butirate  pinnaple
 e. Emulsifier
 one end likes to be in an oily environment and the
other in a water environment

 Natural: lecithin in egg yolk

 Synthetic:
 Gom arab = mayonaise
 Glycerine & alginate salt
 Starch, gelatine, jelly/carrageenan
F. Anti Cacking Agent

 Prevents agglomeration in certain solids,

permitting a free-flowing condition
 Ex:
 Aluminium sodium
 Calcium silicate
 Aluminium silicate
 Magnesium carbonate
 Magnesium oxide
Added to: table salt, sugar powder, baking soda
III. Narcotics, Psycotropics, &
Other Addictive
Addictive
Type of of drugs based on its effect

 Sedatives  valium
 Stimulant  cocaine & ecstasy
 Hallucinogen  marijuana, ecstasy, sabu-
sabu
Side effects

 Stimulation
 Central nervous system
 To accelerate processes in human body (heart
rate, blood pressure, respiration)
 Seems healthy, alert, happy, fresh
 Ex: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines,
inex
Side effects

 Depressant / Sedative
 Slow down processes
 Decrease awareness
 For insomnia people
 Ex: alcohol, barbitureate, valium, sedatives
Side effects

 Hallucination
 Nerves system  fantasy
 laugh, talk, move w/o pattern
 Ex: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana,
mushroom, MDMA
 TAMBAH CONTOH DAN PENJELASAN
A. Narcotics

 UU 35/2009: zat atau obat yang berasal dari

tanaman atau bukan tanaman, baik sintetis
maupun semisintetis, yang dapat menyebabkan
penurunan atau perubahan kesadaran,
hilangnya rasa, mengurangi sampai
menghilangkan rasa nyeri, dan dapat
menimbulkan ketergantungan

 A drug not prescribed medically which acts on the

central nervous system, producing dependence
Example of narcotics

 Marijuana/Hemp (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis

indica)
 Opium (Papaver sonniferum, Papaver
paeoniflorum)
 Cocain (Erythroxylum coca)
 Codein  weak analgesic (1/12morphine),
cough medicine
Ganja

 Ganja (Marijuana)
 Tar 2x cigarettes
 Leafy shape like green tobacco
 Effect: headache, depression,
hallucination, euphoria, lazy,
slow thinking
 Long term: brain impairment
Bad Effect

Schizophrenia vs Ganja
Hemp?
Opium
 Opiat : Opium, Heroin, Codein, Morphine,
Dilaudid, dan Percodan
 Opioid : Methadone Sorfon, General, Taoin,
Fentanyl
 depressant
 Fr poppy flower
 Effect:
 Fall asleep
 euphoria
 Raw opium  morphine  heroin
 Waste shabu
Heroin

 Modified morphine
 Brain synapses
 Causes euphoria
Cocaine

 Stimulant (hyperactive)
 Other names: snow white,
PCP, cracks, putaw, pete
 Previously used in toothpaste and coca cola
 Effect: liver, kidney, brain damage, euphoria,
depression, over dossage
Cocaine
Cocaine user 10 years
B. Psycotropics

 UU No. 5 Tahun 1997: zat atau obat, baik

alamiah maupun sintetis bukan narkotika,
yang berkhasiat psikoaktif melalui pengaruh
selektif pada susunan saraf pusat yang
menyebabkan perubahan khas pada
aktivitas mental dan perilaku.
 A drug which acts on the central nervous
system, producing psychoneurophysiological
effects
Cause

 Addiction
 Depression, stimulation, hallucination
 Motoric function disruption
 malnutrition
Example of Psychotropics

 Ecstasy
 Demerol
 Shabu
 Amphetamine
 Benzodiazepin
 Mogadon
 Barbiturat
Ecstasy

 Has similar chemical structure and effects as

amphetamine and hallucinogens
 Effects: energic, sleep problem, excrete sweat
 Long term effect: brain nerve damage,
dehydration, hallucination, malnutrition,
addicted, desperate, aggresive
Amphetamine

 stimulant
 Lose weight
 euphoria, increased wakefulness, and
improved cognitive control, decreased
reaction time, fatigue resistance, and
increased muscle strength, loss appetite,
hypotension, fast breath
 Other substances: cathinone, MDMA
(ecstasy), methamphetamine
Shabu

 Stimulant
 Other name: metamphetamine
 Crystals like sugar/MSG
 Types: gold river, coconut, crystal
 Long term  heart diseases or death
Meth User
for 15
years

www.yakita.or.id
C. Other Addictive Substances

 Caffeine
 Alcohol
 Nicotine
 Inhalant
C.1. Caffeine

 Coffee, tea, soda, sport drink

 Coffee 2x than others
 Hard to sleep, increase heart beat, headache,
agitate, nausea
C.2. Alcohol

 Depressant and
hallucinogen
 Wine, beer, vodka,
brandy, whisky, tuak,
brem

 Relax, sleepy, coma,

death
Mechanism

 Primarily  liver
 Heavy drinking: fibrous scar
 Continue  cirrhosis

 Efect: lose body balance, euphoria, reddish

face, headache, decrease heart rate,
dissrupt brain development, depression
 Thinking Brain

Judgement Instinctual Brain

Brain

Pleasure
Brain
 Masalah?

A car sitting in the middle of a fountain at

Jakarta's Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on May
18. Drunk drivers have plunged their cars into
the fountain six times this year. (AFP
Photo/Romeo Gacad)
Tragedi Tugu Tani &
Kemarahan Masyarakat

Perlu dibahas di sekolah!

C.3. Cigarette

A. Cigarette
 Nicotine  addictive substance
 Tar  lung cancer and bronchitis
 Carbon monoxide  cell/tissue damage
 Quickly distributed to the CNS and PNS
 CNS: release dopamine
 PNS: acetylcholine  increase activity of skeletal
muscle
 Effect: increase heart rate & blood pressure
 Long term: insomnia, affect developing fetus
&embryo
G. Inhalant

 Depressants
 Ex: glue, petroleum, paint thinner, freon,
aerosol
 Non Drug Intoxication: Inhalant

OTAK NORMAL VS PEMAKAI INHALANT

Lem, Bensin, Aerosol,

Thinner, dll. Umumnya
dipakai pada anak kecil
PERMUKAAN OTAK DILIHAT
3-DIMENSI DENGAN
SPECT IMAGING
MELIHAT ALIRAN DARAH KE
OTAK & METABOLISME