DEFINITIONS RELATED TO

TRANSLATION.
WORKED BY:ERISA HANELLI
ACCEPTED BY:ERJOLA QAFEZEZI
 THIS PRESENTATION WILL INCLUDE :

• WHAT IS TRANSLATION? (MY DEFINITION).

• TRANSLATION DEFINITIONS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES.
• LINGUISTIC APPROACH.
• CULTURAL APPROACH.
• SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH .
• CONCLUSION.
• REFERENCES.
 WHAT IS TRANSLATION?

• TRANSLATION IS THE PROCESS OF REPLACEMENT, REPRODUCTION, WHICH

OCCURS BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, THE SOURCE LANGUAGE
AND THE TARGET LANGUAGE AND HAS AS A MAIN PURPOSE TO FIND THE
CLOSEST POSSIBLE RELATED MEANING.
 TRANSLATION DEFINITIONS IN LINGUISTIC
APPROACH.

• THE LINGUISTIC APPROACH EXPLAINS THE ROLE OF

TRANSLATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LANGUAGE.
• THIS KIND OF TRANSLATION HAS A MAIN PURPOSE TO
EXCHANGE MESSAGES BETWEEN LANGUAGES.
 CATFORD’S DEFINITION

• “… TRANSLATION IS THE REPLACEMENT OF

TEXTUAL MATERIAL IN ONE LANGUAGE BY
EQUIVALENT TEXTUAL MATERIAL IN ANOTHER
LANGUAGE “
CATFORD’S DEFINITION.
Catford attempts to describe translation in
terms of a
specific linguistic theory. In his opinion, the
theory
of translation is concerned with a relation
between
languages; therefore it is unreasonable to
study translation
without considering its relationship with
linguistics.
And he believes that translation should be
guided by
linguistics. These ideas are best expressed in
his work A
Linguistic Theory of Translation. In the
beginning of the
book, he proposes: “Translation is an
 NIDA’S DEFINITION

• “… TRANSLATION CONSISTS IN REPRODUCING

IN THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE THE CLOSEST
NATURAL EQUIVALENT OF THE SOURCE
LANGUAGE MESSAGE, FIRST IN TERMS OF
MEANING AND SECONDLY IN TERMS OF STYLE “
 NIDA’S DEFINITION
Nida’s views of translation are mainly focused
in
Toward a Science of Translating and The Theory
and
Practice of Translation, in the former work, he
regards
translation as a scientific subject and points out
that “the
transference of a message from one language
to another is
a valid subject for scientific description”
In the second one, he
defines translation as “the closest natural
equivalent of the source-language message,
first in terms
TRANSLATION DEFINITIONS IN CULTURAL
APPROACH.
(LEFEVERE’S TRANSLATION)

“translation is, of course, a rewriting of an

original
text”
 LEFEVERE’S DEFINITION
Lefevere views translating as a
process of rewriting and points out that rewriting is
basically determined by two factors—ideology and
poetics. Unlike the traditional translation theorists,
Lefevere shifts the focus of translation to the
relationships
among politics, culture and translation, which present a
new perspective for translation study
 SUSAN BASSNETT’S DEFINITION.

• “… SO AS TO ENSURE THAT 1) THE SURFACE OF THE TWO WILL BE

APPROXIMATELY SIMILAR, AND 2) THE STRUCTURE OF THE SL WILL BE
PRESERVED AS CLOSELY AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE BUT NOT SO CLOSELY
THAT THE TL STRUCTURES WILL BE SERIOUSLY DISTORTED “
 SUSAN BASSNETT’S DEFINITION

In Bassnett’s opinion, translation is not only

a kind of pure lingual activity but also a kind of
communication intra-culture and inter-culture.
In other
words, translation is not a mere linguistic
transfer but
a cross-cultural activity. She proposes that the
cultural
aspects should be taken into consideration for
the
study of translation, especially for the
 TRANSLATION DEFINITIONS IN SOCIAL
AND PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.
(SHERRY SIMON’S DEFINITIONS)
“manoeuvres that represent shifts in cultural history
or which consciously exploit the limit, raising the
temperature of cultural exchange “
( In other words, translation influences the limits of
cultural
exchange)
“I give translation an
expanded definition in this book: writing that is
inspired
by the encounter with other tongues, including the
effects
of creative interference”
 SHERRY SIMON’S DEFINITIONS.

According to her tanslation plays great role in

communication and manipulates cultural exchang.

Complying the developing trend of translation

studies
she then offers a new definition: “I give translation
an
expanded definition in this book: writing that is
inspired
by the encounter with other tongues, including the
effects
of creative interference”(the book:Translating
Montreal: Episodes in the Life of a Divided City)
 EMILY APTER’S DEFINITIONS.
“a broad intellectual
topography that is neither the property of a single
nation, nor an amorphous condition associated
with
postnationalism, but rather a zone of critical
engagement
that connects the ‘L” and the “N’ of transLation and
“a means of
TransNation”
repositioning the subject in the world and in the
history”,
“a means of rendering self-knowledge foreign to
itself”,
“a way of denaturalizing citizens”, and “a
significant
medium for subject re-formation and political
change”
 EMILY APTER’S DEFINITIONS.

She uses the term zone to refer to a theoretical

mainstay,
one that broad enough to include the aftershocks
of
The concept of the
translation.
zone has threefold meaning: a geographical space,
social-political zone and psychological
repercussions.
Translation is connected with not only our culture,
society, economy and politics, but also our
psychological
Translation
conditions. is influenced by the government,
Organizations, social groups, institutions etc. On
the
other hand, it reforms the organizations,
reconstructs our
culture.
 CONCLUSION.

• THERE MIGHT BE A LOT OF OTHER DEFINITIONS OR APPROACHES ABOUT

TRANSLATION BUT ONE THING WE CAN COLLECT EQUALLY FROM ALL OF
THEM. THERE IS NO ORIGINAL TEXT AS ALL TEXTS ARE TRANSLATIONS OF
OTHER TRANSACTIONS.
• ALSO AN OTHER THING THAT I BELIEVE IT IS WORTH MENTIONING IS THAT
TRANSLATION ISN’T ONLY CONNECTED WITH THE TEXT, BUT ALSO WITH A
NATION’S IDENTITY.