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Climate-Environment-Poverty

Nexus
by: WooChong UM, Deputy Director General, ADB

The environments of the


poor in the context of
climate change and the
green economy: How to
make sustainable
development inclusive?
Delhi conference, 24-26 Nov 2010

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they
represent. ADB does not guarantee the source, originality, accuracy, completeness or reliability of any statement,
information, data, finding, interpretation, advice, opinion, or view presented, nor does it make any representation
concerning the same.
Poverty in Asia and the Pacific
declined, but ….

 Asia-Pacific successful…but still long way to go to make development and growth


in the region more inclusive

 Positive social indicators but not for health and environmental MDG targets

Poverty in Asia and Pacific Regions (million people) More Poor Despite of Less Poverty: India

2,000
470 70
1,800 3.8
460 60
1,600 474.9
450

poverty incidence (% of population)


number of poor ($1.25, 2005 PPP,
1,400 50
1,200 221.5 440

million people)
40
1,000 430
2.2
30
800 208.3
420
2.43
93.4
600 196.16 978.8 20
56.32
410
400
550.2
400 10
389.336
200
48.65 49.4
123.6 390 0
0
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
2
$1 $1.25 $2
(1993 PPP) (2005 PPP) (2005 PPP)

Central and West Asia South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific number of poor people poverty incidence
Poverty in Asia and the Pacific
…. has a spatial dimension
Spatial Distribution of the Poor and Vulnerable Poor 2005 and 2020
(million people, percent of poor)

2,500 90%

environmental poor/vulnerable as % of total poor/vulnerable


84.8%
80%

2,000
70.3% 70% slum poor

61.5%60% flood-affected
w etland poor
1,500
52.7% coastal poor
50%

upland poor
40%
1,000 dryland poor
30%
other poor
20%
500 environmental poor as
percent of total poor
10%

0 0%
moderate poor = 1996

(vulnerable/modertate
2005 (very poor = 692

2020 (very poor = 442

million people = 57%


million people = 20%

million people = 11%

poor = 1632 million


2005 (vulnerable /

people = 62% of
of population)
of population)

of population)

population)
2020

3 very poor ($1) vulnerable / moderate poorm($2)


Poverty in Asia and the Pacific
…. is increasingly related to the environment

 Spatial analysis shows vicious cycle:


– Poor gravitate toward environmentally poor areas
– Hard to escape the environmentally poor areas

 In 2005, 53% of the very poor (>$1.25) are these areas

 By 2020 this will increase to 70%

 Pro-growth/migration options for the vulnerable poor (>$2)

 Slum poverty and dryland poverty are the major challenges

4
Climate change is aggravating
environmental poverty

 Food shortage and rising food prices


 Disasters
 Heat waves
 Flooding and land slides
 Loss of livelihoods

5
Poor‘s immediate interest in climate change

 Poor’s immediate environmental concerns are


adaptation issues:
– Agricultural price increases and food insecurity
– Local air, water, traffic, solid waste, and industrial pollution
– Living in unsafe places and housing
– Desertification
– Land degradation
– Loss of biodiversity
– Exposure to natural and human-made hazards
– Payments for ecosystems

6
Are the international discussions
address the poor’s concerns?

COP
16
Kyoto Protocol

CO2
Mitigation Adaptation
IPCC

7
What are the international discussions?
– Emissions and Sources

Developing Asia’s Share in Global transport CO2 emissions


Global CO2 Emissions from will rise by 2 billion tons;
Burning Fossil Fuels Developing Asia’s will rise by 1.1
billion tons…

PRC
17%
PRC
7%
India Res
Rest of the 2% W
World India
Rest of Asia 6
81% 6%
10%

Rest of Asia
8%

2007 2030
2006 2030
World = 40,226 Mil Global = 7,555 mil tons
World = 28,826 Mil 5,465 mil tons
tons CO2 Developing Asia’s
tons CO2 Developing
Developing Asia = Share = 31%
Developing Asia = Asia’s Share: =
45% 19%
31%
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008
Note: Total emissions excludes international
Source: ADB, 2009. Data from IEA World Energy Outlook. marine bunkers and international aviation
What are the international discussions on
Financing

 The climate dimension


– Global funds
– Innovative financing for addressing mitigation

 The climate-environment-poverty nexus


– Possible diversion of funds from poverty agenda
– Adaptation funding is actually low
– Financing to address the impact on the poor
9
Influencing the global discussions

if we want sustainable development to also be inclusive, we have to


 focus on people – particularly poor people
 Measure impact on (poor and vulnerable) people and clearly
establishing immediate impact channels,
 Design projects differently
 Establish clear transmission impact channels on vulnerable
people when investing in infrastructure
 Form alliances not only between institutions but also among the
climate, environment and poverty experts

10
The social dimensions of climate change

A Framework for sustainable, clean, pro-poor, and inclusive development


sustainable and inclusive transport

development for (poor an


energy needs of the poor cleaner environment and livable cities

dvulnerable) people
new livelihoods and CO2 reduction for
preserving national, regional and
the upland, dryland, coastal, and
global resources
wetland poor
encouraging poor people's adaptation making energy use more efficient and
and building of resilience relevant for the poor
cleaner and greener cities with more safer health and more protected life
space for all and assets
new jobs for the poor through the green
sufficient healthy food
economy

11
Triple Win - Energy

12
Triple Win – Transport

13
Triple Win – Urban

14
Triple win - rural

 Ho Che Minh City adaptation: expand the dike to


include the farm areas of the nearby poor
 Migration
 alternative income through tourism
 Solar dryer
 Jathropa
 Digester
 From rice to horticulture

15
Other Triple Wins

 Education

 Finance and Insurance

 Governace and Gender Dimensions

16
ADB Climate Change Projects

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