P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 1 – Motion

Distance-time Graphs
Using Graphs
The gradient of the line on a distance-time graph represents _________.
The ______________ the gradient, the greater the speed.

If an object is stationary, the line on a distance-time graph is

______________.
If an object is moving at a constant speed, the line on a distance-time
graph is a straight line that slopes _____________.

Velocity-time graphs Calculate the gradient of the line on a distance-time

Velocity & Acceleration
graph to give you the speed of an object.
The gradient of the line on a
velocity-time graph represents
______________.
The steeper the Calculate the gradient of
____________, the greater the line on a velocity-time
the acceleration. graph to give you the
What does a horizontal line acceleration of an object.
show on a velocity-time graph?

What area on a velocity-time

graph shows the distance?
KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Velocity
If the value calculated for acceleration is Acceleration
negative, the body is decelerating – slowing Deceleration
down. A deceleration is the same as a Speed
negative acceleration.
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 2 – Forces
Forces between objects. Resultant Force On the Road
The resultant force is a single force that If a vehicle is travelling at a steady speed, the resultant force on
Forces are measured in
has the same effect as all the forces acting it is __________. The driving forces are equal and opposite to
newtons, N.
on an object. the frictional forces.
What is the rule with regard to
If an object is accelerating there must be a
forces?
resultant force acting on it. Distance travelled during the
If an object is accelerating what 3 things Stopping distance thinking distance, plus the
can it be doing? distance it travels under the
braking distance
Is increased if the driver is tired
Thinking distance or under the influence of
_____________ or
__________.
Force and Acceleration
What always causes an acceleration? Can be increased by:
The bigger the resultant force on an object, the greater its Poorly maintained roads
___________________. Braking distance Bad weather conditions.
Condition of the car: eg:
Worn ____________
F=mxa Worn ____________

F is the resultant force in newtons, N. Reaction time depends on the ____________.

m is the mass in kilograms, kg Braking distance depends on the ___________,
a is the acceleration in m/s² ___________ _____________ and the condition of
the vehicle.

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Acceleration is a change in velocity. An object can accelerate by changing its Force
________________ even if it is going at a ______________ ____________. Newton
Therefore a ___________________ ______________ is needed to make an Mass
object change __________________.
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 2 – Forces continued.
Falling Objects Stretching & Squashing Force and Speed Issues
What does elastic mean?
The force of gravity is called ___________ Reduces the speed of a vehicle reduces the amount of
An object acted on only by gravity will what? What is this called?
accelerate at about ___________.
Reducing air resistance, making a vehicle more
F=mxa The extension of a spring is _________________ also improves fuel economy.
Where: DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the
F is the resultant force in newtons, N. force applied to it, provided the Speed cameras are used to discourage motorists from doing
m is the mass in kilograms, kg limit of proportionality is not what?
a is the acceleration in m/s² exceeded. In pairs they can be used to calculate __________________
Becomes: How do we know that it is directly speed.
W=mxg proportional? What happens if you are caught speeding?
Where:
W is the weight in newtons, N When does skidding happen?
m is the mass in kilograms, kg
g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s² Extension is the difference What happens when you skid?
between the length of the spring
If an object falls through a fluid the fluid and its ____________
exerts a __________ force on the object. _________. _________ ___________ surfaces are used to reduce or
Faster the object falls, the bigger the drag prevent skidding.
force becomes until it becomes equal to Hooke’s Law How do these surface work?
the weight of the object. Equation: F = k x e
Resultant force will then be ___________. Where
This is called ________________ F is the force applied in newtons, N Where are they used?
_______________. k is the spring constant of the
spring in newtons per metre, N/m
DON’T FORGET: e is the extension in metres, m
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Weight is the force of gravity acting on it. What is the spring constant of a
Gravitational
spring? Drag force
Terminal velocity
Weight
Elastic
Proportionality
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 3 – Work, Energy & Momentum
Energy & Work Explosions
Work is done on an object when a force makes the object move.
Energy transferred = work _______ Momentum has both size and direction.
What is the unit for both work and energy? One direction must be ________________, therefore
W=Fxd momentum in the opposite direction is negative.
Where:
W is the work done in joules, J In an explosion the objects will move apart with
F is the force in newtons, N _______________ and ______________________
d is the distance moved in the direction of the force in metres, m momentum. One being positive the other ______________.
Work done to overcome _____________ is transferred as energy that heats the So the total momentum after the explosion is
objects that rub together and the surroundings. ____________.

Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

The object will move apart with different speeds if they have
_____________ _______________.

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Work
Friction
Kinetic energy
Elastic potential energy
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 3 –Work, Energy & Momentum cont.
Impact Forces Car Safety

When vehicles collide the force of the impact depends on what 3

things?

When two vehicles collide they exert ______________ and

__________________ forces on each other, also their total
_______________________ is unchanged.

What is impact time? Cars today have several different safety features built into them, to reduce
the forces on the occupants of the car in a collision.
How do side impact bars, seat belts, air bags and crumple zones help with
safety?

Questions
What can we use to find out the speed of a car before an
impact?

What is the unit of momentum?

Where do you have crumple zones on a car and why?

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Impact time
Crumple zone
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 4 – Current Electricity
Electrical Charges Electric Circuits Electric symbols
If you rub two electrically
insulating materials are rubbed
together, __________________
are rubbed off one material and
I is the current in amperes, A
deposited on the other.
Q is the charge in coulombs, C
Objects that have opposite
t is the time in seconds, s.
electric charges ______________
each other, if they have the same
electric charge they___________. Every component has an agreed circuit
symbol.
Make sure you can recognise and draw
them!

Resistance
Current is measured with an ammeter. Where are ammeters placed in relation to
the component?
What is the unit of current?
The potential difference(pd) across a component is measured with a voltmeter.
These are always placed in parallel with the component. What is the unit of
potential difference?

V is ?
R is ?
W is ?
Q is ?
V is ? KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
I is ? Insulating
Don’t forget units!
Don’t forget units! Electron
Attract
Repel
Ohm’s law: states that the current through a resistor at constant temperature is Resistance
directly proportional to the potential difference across the resistor. Series
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 4 – Current Electricity Cont.
Series Circuits Current-Potential Difference Graphs

A current-potential difference
How are the components connected in a series circuit?
graph for a resistor.
What happens if there is a break in the circuit?
Is the current the same or different through each component?
If you add together the potential difference what does it give you?

The resistance of the individual A current-potential difference

components add up to give the graph for a filament bulb, line is
total resistance of the circuit. a curve so the current is not
directly proportional to the
__________________
___________________.

Parallel Circuits The current in a diode flows

in one direction only, in the
How are the components connected in a series circuit? reverse direction the diode
What happens if there is a break in the circuit? has a very high resistance so
Is the pd across each component the same or different? the current will be what?
The bigger the resistance of a component, the ______________ the current through
it.
Use this equation to work out the
current through a component in a Thermistor: Resistance _______________ if its temperature
increases.
parallel circuit.
LDR: resistance decreases if the light intensity on it
___________.

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Diode
Filament bulb
Resistor
Thermistor
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 5 – Mains Electricity
Alternating Current
Direct current is supplied by cells and
batteries and passes round the circuit
in one direction.
Alternating current is from the mains,
how does it travel?
Frequency of am ac supply can be
worked out from an oscilliscope trace
using the equation:
Cables & Plugs
Why are the pins of a plug made of
brass?
What does the earth wire earth?
Why are some cables thicker than
others?
Fuses
How does a fuse work?
Where is a fuse fitted in a circuit?
How does a circuit breaker work?
Electrical Power & Potential
Difference
Power can be calculated using the
above equation.
Using the current and the pd and the
equation above enables us to
calculate the power of an appliance.
To work out the correct rating in
amperes for a fuse rearrange the
above equation, what would the
equation now be?
Electrical Energy & Charge
An electric current is the flow of what?
What is the equation that relates to charge, current and time?
When charge flows through a resistor, what makes it hot?
What can you use this equation for?
Electrical Issues
Electrical faults are dangerous what two things can they cause?
Why must you check cables, plugs and sockets for damage
regularly?
What must you not touch with wet hands?
Why are filament bulbs very inefficient?
KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Current
Frequency
Oscilloscope
Circuit breaker
 P2 REVISION – CHAPTER 6 – Radioactivity
Observing Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Reactions
An atom has a small central _________________, which contains the Change in the Nucleus Particle emitted
____________ and _________________, this is then surrounded
by_______________________.
α decay
The nuclei of radioactive substances are unstable, to become stable they go
through a process called radioactive decay.
The 3 types of radiation emitted are: β decay

Where does background radiation come from? Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton
Remember: Radioactive decay is random we cannot predict or influence when it Neutron
happens!
Electron
Discovery of the Nucleus
What is an atom called if it loses or gains electrons?
Scientists originally called the model of the atom the
‘plum pudding’. What is an isotope?

Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden then did an alpha

particle scattering experiment, they fired alpha particles When a nucleus emits an alpha particle the atomic number
at thin gold foil. goes down by _____ and the mass number goes down by ___.
When a nucleus emits a beta particle the atomic number goes
Most passed straight through the foil, what does this up by ___ and the mass number stays the same.
mean? Is there any change when a nuclear emits gamma radiation?

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Some of the alpha particles are deflected through small angles, what does this mean? Ion
Isotope
Nucleus
A few rebound through large angles what does this mean? Proton
Electron
Radiation
 P1 REVISION – CHAPTER 6 – Radioactivity cont.
Half-Life Alpha, beta & gamma radiation

What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope? Remember

what stops
each type of
radiation.

The number of atoms of a radioactive isotope

and the activity both decrease by __________
every half life. Deflected by? How ionising?

Alpha Electric & magnetic fields

Beta Not as ionising as

Radioactivity at Work alpha particles
Where used and length of half-life Gamma Deflected by neither
electric or magnetic fields.
Alpha
Ionisation is when nuclear radiation travels through a
Beta material, colliding with the atoms within it. This then
knocks electrons off, creating ions.
Tracers in medicine. Half-life of a few hours so that patient is not
exposed to unnecessary radioactivity.

Radioactive Dating: What is this used for? What do we need to do it? KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Ionisation
Half-life
Tracer
Radioactive dating
 P1 REVISION – CHAPTER 7 – Energy From the Nucleus
Nuclear Fission The Early Universe

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two approximately equal How and when do many scientists think the universe was
fragments and the release of two or three neutrons. created?
What two fissionable isotopes are most commonly used in nuclear reactors?

What pulled the gas and dust together to form stars?

When does a chain reaction occur?

What are very large groups of stars called?

Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Issues

Nuclear fusion is the process of forcing
What is a major source of background
two nuclei close enough together so
radiation?
they form a single larger nucleus.

What is released when this happens?

Name two other sources of
background radiation.
Where does nuclear fusion take place?

How is nuclear waste stored?

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:
Star
Why must it be stored securely? Nuclear fusion
Chain reaction
Nuclear fission
 P1 REVISION – CHAPTER 7 – Energy From the Nucleus cont
Life History of a Star How the chemical elements formed

Protostar: Gas and dust cloud in space that can go on to form a star.
Gas, rocks and dust
Low mass star:
Protostar main sequence star red giant white dwarf The sun forms at the centre of a spinning cloud of dust, gas and
Black dwarf rock.

High mass star: The sun’s energy evaporates ice and drives gas away from the
Protostar main sequence star red supergiant inner solar system, leaving rocks behind.
Supernova black hole if sufficient mass.

What will the sun eventually become?

What is a supernova?
The rocky planets form near the Sun and the gas giant planets
form further away. The minor planet Pluto orbits the Sun beyond
the giant planets.

Elements as heavy as iron are formed inside stars as a result of

nuclear _______________.
Elements heavier than iron are formed in supernovas, along with
lighter elements.
What were the sun and the rest of the solar system formed from?

KEY WORDS: ASSESSMENT:

Pro star
Supernova
Neutron star