Chapter 6

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Section 6.1
ANGLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
Definition

 An angle  is said to be in standard

position if its vertex lies at the origin of a
cartesian coordinate system and the initial
side lies on the positive x-axis.
y
Terminal
Side

x

Vertex Initial
Side
 Definition

 Let  be an angle in standard position obtained by

a counterclockwise rotation. The angle  is said
to have a measure of one radian if the
subtended arc is equal to the radius in length.
Remarks

 The radian measure of an angle is dimensionless

(and can therefore be used for computations).
 Since the circumference of a circle of radius r is 2r,
an angle that covers an entire circle has measure 2
radians.
 For simplicity, we shall often use the unit circle when
considering (radian) measures of angles.
 If the angle  is obtained by a clockwise rotation,
then we take the corresponding negative value as
the radian measure.
Definition

 One degree (1o) is defined as the measure of

the angle subtended by an arc of a circle which
is 1/360 of the circumference.
 Also, one minute (written 1’) is 1/60 of 1o and
one second (written 1’’) is 1/60 of 1’.
Remarks

 If the measure of an angle does not have the

degree symbol explicitly indicated, it is assumed
to be in radians.
 From the definition, we see that the degree
measure of an angle which covers an entire
circle is 360o. Hence
1 radian = (180/)o
1 degree = (/180) radians
Example 1

 Convert the ff. degree measurements to the

equivalent radian measurements:
(a) 445o
(b) -70o
(c) 45o16’48’’
 Example 2


  Convert
the ff. radian measurements to the equivalent
degree measurements:
(a)
(b) -3
Definition

 An angle in standard position whose terminal

side lies on either the x-axis or the y-axis is
called quadrantal.
 Two angles are coterminal if they have the
same terminal side.
Example


  Findthe radian measure of the smallest positive angle
that is coterminal to the ff. angle having the given
radian measure.
(a)
(b)
Section 6.2
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL
ANGLES
Definition


  Let be an angle in standard position, P(x,y) any
point on the terminal side of  other than the
origin, and the distance from P to the origin.
Then,
Remark

 From the definitions,

 sin  and csc  are > 0 only in quadrants I and II
 cos  and sec  are > 0 only in quadrants I and IV
 tan  and cot  are > 0 only in quadrants I and III
Example 1

 Find the values of the trigonometric functions of

 in standard position if P(12,-6) is on the
terminal side of .
Example 2

 Given the ff. information, find the exact values of

the remaining trigonometric functions of :
(a) csc  = 4 and tan  < 0
(b) cos  = -15/17 and sin  < 0
Definition

 An equation that is always true whenever the

expression on both sides are defined is called
an identity.
Reciprocal / Quotient
Identities

  1   sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃= tan 𝜃=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
  1   cos 𝜃
sec 𝜃= cot 𝜃=
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
  1
cot 𝜃=
tan 𝜃
Pythagorean Identities

 
Sections 6.3, 6.4
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL
ANGLES AND REAL NUMBERS
Review: Trigonometric Functions:
Quadrantal Angles

 in radians P() sin  cos  tan 

0 (1,0) 0 1 0
/2 (0,1) 1 0 dne
 (-1,0) 0 -1 0
3/2 (0,-1) -1 0 dne
Review: Trigonometric
Functions: Multiples of /4

 in P() sin  cos  tan 

radians
/4 1
3/4 -1
3/4 -1
5/4 1
5/4 1
7/4 -1
7/4 -1
Review: Trigonometric
Functions: Multiples of /6 and
/3
 in radians P() sin  cos  tan 
/6
/3
/3
2/3
5/6
2/3

5/6
Review: Trigonometric
Functions: Multiples of /6 and
/3

 in radians P() sin  cos  tan 

7/6
4/3
4/3
5/3
11/6
5/3

11/6
Theorem*

 For any real number t,

sin(-t) = -sin t
cos(-t) = cos t
tan(-t) = -tan t (if tan t is defined)
Theorem*

 If t  R and k  Z, then
sin(t + 2k) = sin t
cos(t + 2k) = cos t
tan(t + k) = tan t (if tan t is defined)
Example

 If f(x) = csc x and f(a) = 3, find the exact

value of the following:
(a) f(-a)
(b) f(a) + f(a + 2) + f(a + 4)
Remarks

 The previous theorem shows that the

trigonometric functions are periodic.
A function is said to be periodic if there exists
a positive real number p such that for any x in
the domain of f,
f(x + p) = f(x).
The smallest such p is called the period of f.
 Wecan see that sin, cos, sec, and csc each
have period 2, while tan and cot have period .
Sections 6.5, 6.6
GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Definition

 The graph of a periodic function on an interval

of length equal to the period is called a
complete cycle, or simply a cycle, of the
graph.
 In this section, we shall sketch the graphs of
the trigonometric functions on (at least) two
cycles of their graphs.
Graph: Sine Function
Sine Function: Properties

 Its domain is the set of all real numbers.

 Its range is the set [-1,1].
 It is periodic with period 2. Hence, once we
have drawn the graph for any interval of
length 2, say from - to , then this portion
will be repeated in intervals of length 2 on
the x-axis.
 The graph of the sine function is symmetric
with respect to the origin.
Graph: Cosine Function
Cosine Function: Properties

 Its domain is the set of all real numbers.

 Its range is the set [-1,1].
 It is periodic with period 2.
 The graph of the cosine function is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
General form of Sine/Cosine
functions

 Sine function: y = A sin B(x – C) + D

 Cosine function: y = A cos B(x – C) + D
 sine-cosine-geogebra.ggb
Amplitude of a Wave


  Theamplitude of a wave is the maximum
displacement of a periodic wave.
 If a function is of the form or , then the graph
has amplitude |a|.
Period of a Wave


  If or , then the graph has period 2/|b|.
 If b < 0, we can also use the identities and to
simplify the expression first.
Phase Shift

 If y = sin b(x – c), then its graph can be obtained

from the graph of y = sin bx by a horizontal
translation of |c| units to the right if c > 0 and to
the left if c < 0.
 The number c is called the phase shift of the
graph.
 A similar method can be used to obtain the graph
of y = cos b(x – c) from y = cos bx.
Examples


  Findthe phase shift, amplitude, and period
of the ff. functions, and then sketch their
graphs.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Graph: Tangent Function
Tangent Function: Properties


  Its domain is the set {x | cos x ≠ 0}, or .
 It is periodic with period  and is symmetric
with respect to the origin.
 The line x = k/2 (k an odd integer) is a vertical
asymptote of the graph.
 As x  (k/2)+, tan x  -.
 As x  (k/2)-, tan x  +.
Graph: Cotangent Function
Cotangent Function:
Properties

  Its domain is the set {x | sin x ≠ 0}, or .
 It is periodic with period  and is symmetric with
respect to the origin.
 The line x = k (k an integer) is a vertical
asymptote of the graph.
 As x  (k)+, cot x  +.
 As x  (k)-, cot x  -.
Remarks


  Fora function of the form or , we can sketch its graph
using a similar method as that of the corresponding
sine and cosine functions.
 Note that, in this case, the period will be /|b| and the
phase shift is |c|.
Examples


  Sketchthe graphs of the following functions over two
periods. Indicate the period, phase shift, and domain
for each.
(a)
(b)
Graph: Secant Function
Graph: Cosecant Function
Secant and Cosecant
Function: Properties


  They are both periodic with period 2.
 Domain of sec = domain of tan
 Domain of csc = domain of cot
 The graph of can be obtained by sketching the
graph of and then taking the reciprocal of each y-
coordinate.
 The same method can be used to sketch the graph
of the cosecant function.
Examples


  Draw a sketch of the ff. functions over two
periods. Indicate the period, phase shift,
domain, and range for each.
(a)
(b)
Section 6.7
APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TO PERIODIC PHENOMENA
Modeling Periodic Phenomena

 The sine and cosine function can be used to

model certain periodic phenomena.
 Examples include the circular motion of a ferris
wheel, pendulums, patterns in financial markets,
and sound waves.
 These circular motions are usually associated
with a simple harmonic motion, a motion
where the acceleration of an object is
proportional to the negative of the distance
from an equilibrium position.
Example 1


  The distance from the ground in feet of a
certain passenger on a ferris wheel is given by ,
where t is the time in seconds and t = 0
coincides with the time at which the wheel was
set in motion. How long will it take for the
passenger to complete two revolutions? Find
the distance of the passenger from the ground
after 18 seconds.
Example 2

 A weight is suspended from a spring and is

vibrating vertically. Suppose the weight passes
through its central position at 5 seconds and 8
seconds. Between these times, the weight
attains twice a maximum displacement of 12
cm above its central position and once a
maximum displacement of 12 cm below its
central position. Give an equation of motion
using the cosine function.
Section 6.8
IDENTITIES
Recall: Definition of Identity

 An equation that is always true whenever the

expression on both sides are defined is called
an identity.
Recall: Reciprocal / Quotient
Identities

  1   sin 𝜃
csc 𝜃= tan 𝜃=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
  1   cos 𝜃
sec 𝜃= cot 𝜃=
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
  1
cot 𝜃=
tan 𝜃
Recall: Pythagorean Identities

 
Some Techniques

 To prove an identity, one may start from one side

of the equation and obtain the expression on the
other side by using known identities.
 Usually, it is better to start from the side with the
more complicated expression.
Example 1


  Prove the following identities:
(a)

(b)
More Techniques

 It is often useful to write everything in terms of

sine and cosine only, or if possible, in terms of a
single trigonometric function only.
 For some identities, it may be necessary to
simplify both sides of the equation. The identity is
then proved if the two expressions on both sides
can be shown to be equal to a common
expression.
Example 2


  Prove the following identities:
(a)

(b)
More Techniques

 To make a particular factor appear in the

numerator or denominator of a function, one
may need to multiply and divide by that factor.
 Note that if this factor is needed in either the
numerator or denominator, then this should not
be multiplied out with the other factor.
Example 3


  Prove the following identities:
(a)

(b)
Assignment Items


  Prove the ff. identities:
(a)

(b)

(c)
Section 6.9-6.10
SUM AND DIFFERENCE, DOUBLE-MEASURE, AND
HALF-MEASURE IDENTITIES
Sum / Difference Identities*

 
Cofunction Identities

 
Example 1


  Find
the exact value of the following
without using a calculator:
(a)
(b)
(c) tan 165o
Example 2


  If, where  is in the second quadrant and ,
where  is in the fourth quadrant, find the
following:
(a) sin(+) and sin(-)
(b) cos(+) and cos(-)
(c) tan(+) and tan(-)
(d) the quadrants containing + and -
Example 3


  Prove the following identities:
(a)

(b)
Theorem


  LetA, B, and x be any real numbers such that
not both A and B are zero. Then

where and c satisfies and .

Example


  Write the function in the form .
Double-Measure Identities

 Note that cos 2x can also be written as either

1 – 2sin2x or 2cos2x – 1.
Half-Measure Identities

 
Remarks


  Toget , , or , we can use the formulas given in
the previous slide and then choosing the
appropriate square root.
 Note that by rationalizing the denominator, we
can also express as either or .
Example 1

 Find the exact values of sin(2t), cos(2t) and

tan(2t) if cos t = -15/17 and  < t < 3/2.
Example 2


  Findthe exact values of sin(t/2), cos(t/2), and
tan(t/2) if , cot t < 0, and 0  t < 2.
Example 3


  Prove the following identities:

(a)

(b)
Exercises


  If
tan A = -7/24 and csc B = -5/4, sin A > 0, and
B is in the third quadrant, find:
(a) tan(A + B)
(b) sec(A + B)
(c) the quadrant containing A + B.
 If cos t = -15/17 and  < t < 3/2, find the exact
values of sin(t/2), cos(t/2), and tan(t/2).
 If , what is in terms of m?