Nuts & Bolts

By-
Prabhat Dubey
Nuts and Bolts
Threaded Fastener Issues:
Types
Materials/Grades
Tightening Torque
Why are fasteners used?
Advantages
Removable
Easy to install
Wide variety of standard parts
Disadvantages
loosening
failure
cost
Types
Machine screws

Wood screws

Tapping screws
Standard Thread Systems

Unified or American
ACME
SI (ISO)

Pipe
Whitworth (UK)
Typical Designation

1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A
Terminology of screw threads
external thread Sharp vee threads shown for
(B means internal)clarity; the crests and roots are
actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation.

Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)

Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)

Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)
Bolt Grades
 Grade indicates the
tensile strength of the
bolt
 Determined by bolt
material and heat
treating
Tightening Torque

It is typical on engines for bolts to have a

specified tightening torque. Why?
It results in a quantified preload on the bolts
Insures that parts never separate
Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces)
Insures even distribution of loading
prevent warpage of mating parts
uniform pressure distribution over seal or
gasket
Prevents bolt from loosening
Reduces fatique effects
 Bolt Manufacturing Processes
Forging (upsetting)

Rolling

a) b)

Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies.

Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these
processes at high rates of production
 Manufacturing Processes - continued
• Turning on screw machines

Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in
machined and rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of
the metal, rolled threads have improved strength because of cold working and
favorable grain flow.
 Some Unknown Facts

Did you know that?

• the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners
– 70,000 titanium costing $150,000
– 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000
– 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed
• In certain applications (such as an engine head),
you should tighten the bolt as much as possible, if
it does not fail by twisting during tightening, there
is a very good possibility that the bolt will never
fail
 Threads-

Terminology in threads-
External thread-
Internal threads
Different Types of Thread profiles:-

1. Square Threads.
2. V-threads.
3. ACME Threads
4. Buttress Threads.
5. Whitworth threads

Thread Conventions
Square Threads

V- threads
 ACME threads

Buttress threads
Whitworth Threads
 STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF THREADS

Visible screw threads - For visible

screw threads, the crests of threads should be defined by a
continuous thick line (type A), and the roots of threads by a
continuous thin line (type B).

Hidden screw threads- For hidden screw threads, the

crests and the roots should be defined by dashed lines.
Sections of threaded parts – For threaded parts shown in
section, hatching should be extended to the line defining
the crest of the thread.
End view of screw threads - On an end view of a visible screw
thread, the thread roots should be represented by a portion of a
circle, drawn with a continuous thin line (type B), of length
approximately three-quarters of the circumference.

The above conventions apply to assemblies of threaded

parts. However, externally threaded parts should always
be shown covering internally threaded parts and should
not hidden by them
UNIFIED THREAD
STANDARDS
 Hexagonal headed bolt

Square headed bolt

erally used when the head is to be accommodated in recess. Recess is a
e up of square shape to prevent rotation of bolt.

quare neck to avoid rotation of

Bolt while tightening a nut.
 Cylindrical or cheese headed bolt

Used when-
•Space for accommodating
bolt head
is less.
•Use of spanner is to be
avoided.

Rotation of bolt is prevented

by means of a pin

T- headed bolt

•Primarily used in machine tool tables.

•Fits in T slot provided on them.
 Counter sunk headed bolt.

•Used in application where head of

bolt must not project above the surface
of connected piece.
•It may provided with the neck of square
cross-section.

Hook Bolt

his bolt passes through a hole of one piece

ly. other piece is gripped by the hook shaped
lt head.
his is used when it is not possible to drill hole
n the piece adjoining bolt head.
 Bolt type Picture Application

Square headed Bearings of shaft

Big end of connecting rods,

Cylindrical headed
eccentrics, etc.

Machine tool tables, boiler

T-headed mountings such as stop
valve, feed check valve etc.

Where the bolt head must

Counter-sunk headed
not project above surface

Eye bolt For lifting heavy machines

Connect cylinder cover to

engine cylinder
Stud
Situations where there is no
space for bolt heads