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rA' obs R 2 c
12 3 coth [1]
De CAs 1 1
1
Suppose 11 and 12 are the Thiele Moduli at Run 1 and Run 2 with rAʹ1 and rAʹ2 being the
corresponding observed reaction rates, R1 and R2 being the corresponding radii. Using Eq. (1), we
obtain
r ' R 2 coth 1
[2]
R12 11coth 111
A2 2 12 12
rA1
'
Taking the ratio of the Thiele module for runs 1 and 2, we obtain
rAs' c
R1
11 R1 R 0.01m
DeCAs 11 1 12 [3]
12 rAs' c R2 R2
12
100.001m
12
R2
DeCAs
Using Eqs. (2) & (3) and introducing the information in Table 1, we obtain
Solving which gives 12 1.65and 11 1012 16.5. The corresponding effectiveness factors obtained
Suppose that operating at an effectiveness factor of 0.95 is sufficient to eliminate most of internal
diffusion resistance.
Using Eq. (1), that is, 12 3
coth
1 1 1, 13 0.9, where subscript 3 refers to the radius R at
3
13
which 0.95. Using Eq. (2), R3 R1 0.01 ⎛ 0.9 ⎞ 5.5*104 m 0.55mm .
11 ⎝16.5⎟
⎜
⎠
Lect. No.: 16 Problem : 16A Time : 05:40
For the reaction C CO2 2CO conducted in a catalytic reactor containing particles of radius
5
3
R 0.7cm with bulk concentration being CAs 1.22 *10 mol / cm , the observed reaction rate is
9 3
rʹ(obs)c 4.67 *10 mol / cm sec. After the reaction was conducted, the particles were cut
open and the reacted carbon profiles were measured. These profiles suggested strong diffusional
effects to be present. Verify this observation.
kCA
The rate law, in concentration units is r A
where, CA is the concentration of CO2
1 K2 CD K C
3A
(species A) and CD is the concentration of CO at the surface. The constants
9 3 5 3
K2 4.15 *10 cm / mol and K3 3.38 *10 cm / mol . k is the rate constant. Diffusivity of the
indicating no internal diffusion limitations present. However the experimental observations suggest
otherwise. Poor prediction by the Weisz-Prater method is due to the fact that CWP in Eq. (1) uses
Thiele modulus expression for a first order reaction when the actual reaction is not first-order.
Therefore, this problem warrants the use of Generalized Thiele Modulus.
Assuming equimolar counter diffusion i.e.; DeA DeD and that concentration of CO at surface
Assuming the pellet was infinitely long with CA,eq 0 , the modified parameter
2
0
1
r ' obs R 2 c ⎧ K 3CAs ⎡ 1 2K2 CAs ⎫
⎪
A ⎨ ⎢1 ln⎡1 K C ⎤⎤
3 As
[3]
2DeA ⎪1 2K As K 3 2K ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎪⎩ 3 C 2 ⎣ 2 ⎣1
2K C ⎦⎪⎭
2 As ⎦
2.5 1 K
⎬
Solution
P 4.94
The inlet concentration C Ab0 RT 0.082 0.113gmol /
l
533
Mole balance for the reactor is given by
d 2C
[1]
dz 2 U
DeA dC Ab Ab
Ω k " Sa bAbC 2 0
dz
where Ω is the overall effectiveness factor. It should be noted that in general, for a second order
reaction explicit expression for Ω is usually not available and will be a function of the local
concentration of species A and as a result will be a function of position as well. Assuming the flow
rate through the bed is very large and the axial diffusion can be neglected, that is,
d 2C
DeA dCdz2 U
Ab Ab
, Eq (1) can be simplified to
dz
dC SC2
[2]
dz Ω k U0
Ab " a b Ab
L Ω kU" S C ⎛⎜1 1
1⎞⎟⎠
[3]
X
b a Ab0 ⎝
Using the expression for 2 for a second order reaction, the effectiveness factor
12 12 12
⎞
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜
3 ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜
3 ⎛ 2
⎜ 9.47 8
⎟ ⎟
⎝n 1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝
⎟⎠
n 2 1 2 2 1 32.59107 10
⎠
Note that the Thiele Modulus will be a function of position. For the chosen parameters, as the
variation with respect to position is negligible, the Thiele Modulus is evaluated at the inlet
concentration and is assumed constant. 1 implies strongly internal diffusion limited, therefore
approximating Ω 9.47 108
U X 4 0.81
L 3.62102 m
Ω b k " Sa C
Ab0 1 X 9.47 10 2.110 51 410 0.113 (1
8 6
0.81)
Solution:
Given:
kL = 1 x 10-4 m/s; â = 200 m2/m3 ; Da = 2.5x10-9 m2 /s
We know that,
P = M / (. â) 0.25k1 / 5*103 1
50k
k 10.2 sec1 gives M = 0.05 and P=10, which satisfies the conditions such
Chosen a value of
as M 1 and P
1 , also
In general, rate of mass transfer for slow reaction regime is
RA k aCL *A ⎛ ⎜ P ⎟
⎞ P ⎠
⎝
⎛ 10 1
k LaC *A ⎜ k LaC *A
⎞⎝ 11
⎟
⎠
Hence, the value of k 10.2 sec1 satisfies the condition for slow reaction regime.
Solution:
Given:
âVL = 132 cm2
5
RA VL 1.23*10 mol / sec
C*A H * p O 5.8*107 mol / cm3
2
5 2
DA 2.1*10 cm / sec
3
CBb 0.01mol / cm
We consider fast reaction regime, for an given information which suggest that, kL various with RPM
leads to RAVL independent of RPM, kL and VL
k1 1.229.13sec1
Solution:
Given:
pO 2 0.21atm
Assume:
CA H * p
*
5.8*107 * 0.21
O2
To find the specific interfacial area per unit volume of the dispersion
Assumed kL 4 *10 cm / sec for an fast reaction regime M 3
2
DA k1 2.1*105 *1229.13
We know that, M kL
4 *102
M 4.02 3
RV D k * C* * âVL
A L
A 1
A
*1.218*107 * âVL
2018.56
Interfacial area per unit volume of dispersion (âVL) 1700 1.19cm / cm
2 3
2
Total interfacial area (âVL) = 2018.56 cm
Lect. No.: 26 Problem : 26A Time : 24:10
Ref.: -
Maximum and actual enhancement factors
CO2 is being absorbed from a gas into a solution of NaOH at 20ºC, in a packed tower. At a certain
point in the tower, the partial pressure of CO 2 is 1 bar, and the concentration of NaOH 0.5 kmol/m3.
Other data are as follows: kL = 10-4 m/s; interfacial area per unit volume of packed space is 100 m-1;
C A* = 0.04 kmol/m 3; second order rate constant of the reaction k = 104 m3/kmol s, DA = 1.8 x 10-9 m2/s
and DB = 3.06x10 -9 m2/s. Find the maximum enhancement possible and the actual enhancement. Find
also the actual absorption rate, in units of kmol per sec per unit volume of packed space. The reaction
is:
CO2 2NaOH Na2CO3 H 2 O
Solution:
Given:
C 0.5kmol / m3 ; C * 0.04kmol / m3 ; k
10 m / sec
4
Bb A 9 2 L
k1 104 m3 / kmol sec; D 1.8
A *10 m / sec; D 3.06 *109 m2 / sec
B
DB DA 1.7
(a) To find the maximum enhancement possible
DA
E
DB
1 q 1.7 *11.625
E 8.91
E E E ⎛ E E ⎞
M
E1 tanh ⎜ M
⎝ E1 ⎟ ⎠
First approximation:
⎛
For a larger value of M and E , tanh E E ⎞
⎜ M 1 which lead to
⎝ E1 ⎟ ⎠
E E E ⎛ 30 E E
M E 1 ⎜
⎝ 7.91 ⎟
⎞
⎠
E 8.30 (by trial and error)
Second approximation:
E E ⎞ ⎛
⎛ 8.91 8.30 ⎞
tanh ⎜ M tanh ⎜30 8.91 ⎟ 1
⎝ E1 ⎟ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1
E E E ⎛ E E ⎞
M
E1 tanh ⎜ M 8.30
⎝ E1 ⎟
⎠
(c) To find actual absorption rate, in units of kmol per sec per unit volume of packed space
(b) To what diameter should the pellet be reduced if the effectiveness factor is to be 0.8?
Solution:
Given:
CA / CAS = 0.1; CAS = 0.001 g mol/dm 3; dp = 2 x 10-3 cm; De = 0.1 cm2 /s;
(a) To find the concentration of reactant at a distance of 3 x 10-4 cm in from the external pellet
surface
We know that,
CA ⎛ 1 sinh
⎞ 1
⎟ ‐--‐-‐-‐-‐> (1)
C AS ⎜
⎝ sinh1 ⎠
⎠
Dimensionless radius of the catalyst expressed in the form of
k1 c sa
R R k1r
De
De
k1r
6 1*103 k1r 3600000sec1
0.1
Calculating Thiele modulus for an effectiveness factor 0.8 is
3
0.8 1 2 1 coth 1 1 1
2
The corresponding Thiele modulus expression to calculate diameter of the catalyst particle is,
2R k1r
R
3600000
0.1 R 3.4 *10 cm
4
De
d p 6.8 *10 4cm
Lect. No.: 38 Problem : 38A Time : 28:40
Ref.: Scott Fogler, pg.: 971
Conversion using Dispersion and Tank-in-Series Models:
AB
is carried out in a 10 cm diameter tubular reactor 6.36 m in length. The specific reaction rate is 0.25
min-1. The results of a tracer test carried out on this reactor are shown in Table T38A-1.
time(min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
C (mg/L) 0 1 5 8 10 8 6 4 3 2.2 1.5 0.6 0
Calculate conversion using (a) the closed vessel dispersion model, (b) PFR, (C) the tank-in-series
model, and (d) a single CSTR.
Solution:
Given:
time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
C(t) 0 1 5 8 10 8 6 4 3 2.2 1.5 0.6 0
(a) To calculate conversion using the closed vessel dispersion model
time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
C(t) 0 1 5 8 10 8 6 4 3 2.2 1.5 0.6 0
E(t) 0 0.02 0.1 0.16 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.044 0.03 0.012 0
tE(t) 0 0.02 0.2 0.48 0.8 0.80 0.72 0.56 0.48 0.40 0.3 0.14 0
t2E(t) 0 0.02 0.4 1.44 3.2 4.0 4.32 3.92 3.84 3.60 3.0 1.68 0
To find E(t) and then tm, we first find the area under the C curve, which is
0 C t dt 50g min
Then
0
tm tE t dt 5.15 min
⎛2 ⎞
⎡30. 0.0 4 16.8⎤
⎝3 ⎟⎣ ⎠
⎜
⎦
32.63min2
To obtain the variance, we substituting these values
2
2
2
t
E t dt t E t dt
0
5.15 Pe
41.30exp7.5 2
X1
2
2
1 1.30 exp1.30 * 7.2 2 1 1.30 exp1.30 * 7.2
2
X 0.68
When dispersion effects are present in this tubular reactor, 68% conversion is achieved.
If the reactor were operating ideally as a plug-flow reactor, the conversion would be
X 0.725
n 22 5.15
4.35
6.1
To calculate the conversion for first-order for n tanks in series is
1 1 1
X1 1 n 1 4.35
1 i
n
1 n k 1 5.15 / 4.350.25
k
X 0.677
X
k 1.29 1
k 2.29
X 0.563
SOLUTION:
2. The irreversible gas-phase reaction A B is carried out isothermally over a packed bed of
solid catalyst particles. The reaction is first order in the concentration of A on the catalyst
surface. The feed consists of 50% (mole) A and 50% inerts and enters the bed at a
temperature 300 K. The entering volumetric flow rate is 10 lit/sec The relation between
Sh and Re is Sh= 100 (Re)0.5
As a first approximation one may neglect pressure drop. The entering concentration of A is
1.0M. Calculate the catalyst weight necessary to achieve 60% conversion?
Kinematic viscosity: 0.02 cm2 /sec; Particle diameter: 0.1 cm
Superficial velocity 10 cm/s; Catalyst surface area /mass of the catalyst bed: 60 cm2/g. cat
SOLUTION
3. (a) Following is the observed reaction rate in an isothermal reactor as a function of particle
size for an elementary first order liquid phase reaction. The bulk concentration (1 mol/lit)
is same in each case. Find the approximate value of effective intra-particle diffusivity.
Catalyst density is 1 gm/cc.
(b) The above reaction is performed in a fluidized bed reactor which received the feed at 100
kmol/hr and a conversion of 10% is realized. Predict the conversion if the original particle radius
of 1.8cm of the same catalyst is reduced by half under otherwise similar conditions. Fluidized bed
reactor can be considered to be a perfectly back-‐mixed reactor for all practical purposes.
SOLUTION:
4. A first order irreversible cracking reaction A = B is performed in a fixed bed reactor on a
catalyst particle size of 0.15 cm. Pure A enters the reactor at a superficial velocity of 2m/s,
a temperature of 2000C and pressure of 1 atm. Under these conditions, the reaction is
severely affected by internal diffusion effects. Calculate the length of bed necessary to
achieve 60% conversion.
Data given:
The intrinsic reaction rate constant calculated by performing experiments with very small particle
size of the same catalyst is 0.0003 m3/g cat. sec.
SOLUTION: