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RV College world
of
Engineering

Radiating Systems Self stuty presentation

on

“Microstrip Low Pass Filter using CST Studio Suite.”

Presented by
Bhavya.B 1RV17TE011
Dhamini.B.S 1RV17TE015
 INTRODUCTION
• A microwave filter is a two- port network device used to control the frequency
response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at
frequencies within the pass band of the filter and attenuation in the stop band of the
filter.
• A filter that allows low frequency signals and rejects high frequency signals and
transmits low frequency signals from the input to the output port with less attenuation
is called low pass filter.
• Micro strip filters gain attracting popularity among researchers because their day to
day improvement in designs and their needs in many microwave systems including
satellite communication.
• The challenges on the microwave filters with requirements such as improved
performance, miniature size, light weight and low cost are ever increasing with the
emerging applications of wireless communications.
• A low pass microwave filter has been designed by step impedance method in which the
alternative part characteristic linear impedance is too high or too low is designed using
CST Studio Suite software by micro strip technology for practical use. Depending on
the need and application, either the Butterworth or the Chebyshev type of low pass
filter configurations can be used.
• Stepped impedance low pass micro strip filters offer better stop band characteristics and
are simpler to design.
• Micro strip line is widely used transmission lines and are definitely miniaturized and
integrated with both passive and active microwave devices.
• The characteristic impedance or surge impedance ( Z0) of a uniform transmission line is
the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along
the line and its practical significance is that no matter how long or short the
transmission line, if the transmitter impedance is matched to the characteristic
impedance of the line and the load is matched to the characteristic impedance, all the
power from the transmitter transfers to the load without reflecting back.
• A serial inductor of a low-pass model is replaced with high impedance transmission line
sections and parallel capacitor with low impedance transmission line sections.
• As the line impedance is lower, the fine bar will become wider and the line get capacitor
property and it will be more closer to properties of the pressed capacitor parameter used
in filter .
• Similarly as the line impedance is higher, the fine bar will become thinner and the line
get inductor property and it will be more closer to properties of the pressed inductor
parameter used in filter.
• As the ratio of the line impedance is more top-down, the filter frequency response is
improved.
• However ,here the range of characteristic low and high impedance is 25 and 100 ohm
respectively .
• The implementation of the micro strip low pass filter with step impedance is done on
substrate FR4 with dielectric coefficient 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm with copper conductor
with 0.5 mm thickness.
• Increasing the ratio of high characteristic impedance to low is to improve frequency
response that is to achieve this purpose and resolve problems such as increased
manufacturing tolerances, width revival and preventing of cross flow, we point to methods
to increase the coefficient dielectric, reducing substrate thickness and maintaining constant
widths by increasing the coefficient of dielectric. All these methods leads to reduction of
the filter size.
• We can extend the provided methods to reduce the size and improve the frequency response
for many microwave filters in order to various applications on micro strip transmission
lines.
 ADVANTAGES:

• A micro strip low pass filter has many useful properties like very low insertion
loss
• Easy fabrication and compact size.
• They are cost efficient.
• Low volume.
• High selectivity and simple structure.
• This Filter has less complexity rather than other filters.
 DISADVANTAGES:

• The disadvantage of micro strip compared with waveguide is generally lower

power handling capacity and higher losses.
• Filter designs beyond 500MHz are difficult to realize with lumped elements
because the wavelength becomes comparable with the dimensions of the physical
filter element, resulting in different losses severely degrading the performance of
the circuit.
 APPLICATIONS:

• Low pass filters are used in telephone systems for converting the frequencies of audio in
the speaker to a band-limited voice band signal.
• Low pass filter in image processing for enhancing the image.
• The filter can be widely used in radar, satellite and terrestrial communications, and
electronic counter measure applications, both militarily and commercially.
• Low-pass filters are applied in many different forms such as audio applications, acoustic
barriers, electronic circuits, blurring of images etc.
• Low-Pass filters are used in huge amount in many millimeter-wave and microwave
systems to pass the desired low frequencies below cut-off and reject the higher
frequencies.
 Literature Survey:

Reference Cutoff Frequency PB-RL(dB) SB(GHz) RSB% Substrate

(GHz)

Boutejdar(2019) 2.4 -16 2.8-10 111.2 Roger

Sen et al (2018) 2.4 -18.5 2.58-7.5 85.7 FR4

Vala et al (2017) 3.5 -10 3.46-9.2 96.2 FR4

Kufa and Raida 3.195 -12.5 4.07-15 95.6 Arlon 25 N

(2013)

Song et al (2010) 3.0 -21 2.45-20 128.7 Roger

This Work 3.5 -16.42 2.58-7.5 157.6 FR4

 OBJECTIVE:
• To understand the working of micro strip low pass filter using stepped impedance
method.
• To learn the CST Studio Suite software simulation.
• To design and simulate micro strip low pass filter with 3.5GHZ cut-off frequency
and the flat maximum response with return loss less than -16dB and filter source/load
impedance 50ohm using CST Studio Suite software.
• To analyze the results obtained.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

 
“To design and simulate Microstrip Low Pass Filter using CST
Studio Suite .”
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

• CST(Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite is a high-

performance 3D EM analysis software package for designing, analysing and
optimizing electromagnetic (EM) components and systems.
• Electromagnetic field solvers for applications across the EM spectrum are
contained within a single user interface in CST Studio Suite. The solvers can
be coupled to perform hybrid simulations, giving engineers the flexibility to
analyse whole systems made up of multiple components in an efficient and
straightforward way. Co-design with other Simulia Products allows EM
simulation to be integrated into the design flow and drives the development
process from the earliest stages.
• CST Studio Suite is used in leading technology and engineering companies
around the world. It offers considerable product to market advantages,
facilitating shorter development cycles and reduced costs. Simulation enables
the use of virtual prototyping.
• Device performance can be optimized, potential compliance issues identified
and mitigated early in the design process, the number of physical prototypes
required can be reduced, and the risk of test failures and recalls minimized
 Design equations and calculations

Stepped-impedance micro strip LPF Structure and equivalent circuit

•The actual or demoralized amount of inductors Li and capacitors Ci is calculated by

equation 1 and 2 i.e.
Li = (Zo/g0)*(Wc/2*pi*fc) * g1 (1)
Ci = (g0/Zo)*(Wc/2*pi*fc) *g2 (2)
• Here the design for a microwave low pass filter is with 3.5GHZ cut-off frequency and the
flat maximum response with return loss less than -16dB and filter source/load impedance
50ohm. The normalized value of it's parameters is according to low pass pattern with flat
maximum response for cutting frequency Wc =1 and impedance Zo=1 is described below
i.e.
g0 =g4 = 1
g1=g3=1.0316
g2=1.1474
• The width of high impedance line assuming w/h <= 2 and the width of low impedance line
assuming w/h >= 2 are calculated as below i.e.
w/h = (8exp(A)) / exp(2A)-2 (3)
A= Zo/60*{(Er + 1)/2}^.5 + ((Er-1)/(Er+1)) * {0.23+(0.11/Er)}

w/h = 2/M * {(B-1) – ln(2B-1)}+ ((Er-1)/2Er) * [ln(B-1)+0.39-(0.61/Er)} (4)

B{(60*pi^2)/Zo( sqrt (Er)}
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A IMPLEMENTED LOW PASS MICRO
STRIP FILTER

Row Length(li) in mm Width(wi) in mm Zl (or) Zi = Zh

1
4.95 8 25

2
5.63 0.7 100

3 5.69
8 25

4 4.64
0.7 100

5 5.63
8 25

6 4.41
0.7 100
Fig: Designed filter in three-dimensional environment, Fig: Photo of micro strip filter built on the substrate
and full-wave cst software on a below substrate with with a dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm.
dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness1.6 mm .
SIMULATED OUTPUT
 REFERENCES:
• Boutejdar, A., M. Challal, S. Das, and S. El Hani (2019) Design and manufacturing of a
novel compact 2.4 GHz LPF using a DGS-DMS combination and quasi octagonal
resonators for radar and GPS applications.
• Sen, S., T. Moiré, and D. Sarkar (2018) Modelling and validation of microwave LPF using
modified rectangular split ring resonators (SRR) and defected structures.
• Vala, A., A. Patel, R. Goswami, and K. Mahant (2017) Defected ground structure based
wideband micro strip low-pass filter for wireless communication.
• Kufa, M. and Z. Raida (2013) Low pass filter with reduced fractal defected ground
structure.
• Song, K., Y.-Z. Yin, X. Yang, J.-Y. Deng, and H.-H. Xie (2010) Compact LPF with pair of
coupling slots for wide stop band suppression.
• Omid Borazjani and Arman Rezaee(2012) Design, Simulation and Construction a Low Pass
Microwave Filters on the Micro Strip Transmission Line.