MEC101

Mechanical Sciences-I
The Course
• Statics
• Stress & Strain
• Stress Transformations
• Torsion
• Bending
• Introduction to Graphics
Vijay
The Grade
• MTE: 20
• ETE: 40
• CA: 40 Attendance: 10%
Assignments:72%
Term Paper: 18%

Vijay
Structures
• This course is concerned with
structures.

A structure is a solid object or

assembly. A structure connects
components, carries loads,
provides form and integrity.
Vijay
 Structures

Wright Flyer, 1903 F22, 2002

Mosquito 1943 Vijay

Bridges

Vijay
Trusses

Vijay
Trusses

Vijay
Tall Structures

Vijay
Roofs

Vijay
Legs

Vijay
How to solve problems:
1. SI units only.
2. Good sketches.
• Labelled coordinate system.
• Labelled dimensions and forces.
3. Show your thought process.
4. Follow all conventions.

Vijay
How to solve problems...

5. Solve everything symbolically until

the end.
6. Check answer ⇒ Does it make
sense?
• Check trends.
• Check units.
7. Plug in to get answers.
Vijay
Concept of Force
Concept of Force
• Newton’s First Law:

A body continues in a state of rest

or uniform motion in a straight path
unless a force is used to disturb it.

Vijay
Concept of force
• An apple drops to earth from a tree.
• The braking parachutes of MIG-29

Vijay
Concept of Force
• Changing direction

Vijay
Concept of Force
• Object in a circular path

 

Vijay
Concept of Force

Vijay
Concept of Force

Vijay
Concept of Force

Vijay
Concept of Force
Third Law:

For every action, there is an equal

and opposite reaction.

Vijay
Concept of Force
Consequence of the Third Law:
• Forces always exist in pairs, with
two bodies involved in it.

Vijay
Concept of Force
• Contact forces

Vijay
Concept of Force
Forces at a distance
• Gravitational forces
• Electrostatic forces
• Magnetic forces

Vijay
Concept of a Rigid Body
• Most bodies deform.

Bar

• A rigid body does not deform

Vijay
Concept of a Rigid Body
• Distance between any two points
does not change when a force is
applied on it.
● ●

Vijay
Newton’s Second Law
• Force ~ mass×acceleration
• Force = mass×acceleration

Vijay
 Unit Systems
FLT system:
Force = mass×acceleration

Pound Force Ft/sec2

Slug

Vijay
Unit Systems
MLT system:
Force = mass×acceleration

kg
m/s2
N

Vijay
How to solve problems:
1. SI units only.
2. Good sketches.
• Labelled coordinate system.
• Labelled dimensions and forces.
3. Show your thought process.
4. Follow all conventions.

Vijay
How to solve problems...

5. Solve everything symbolically until

the end.
6. Check answer ⇒ Does it make
sense?
• Check trends.
• Check units.
7. Plug in to get answers.
Vijay
Transmissibility of Forces

● ●● ●

Vijay
Resultant of Forces
• Law of Parallelogram of forces:

Vijay
Resultant of Forces
• Triangle of forces of forces:

Vijay
Resolving a force

Vijay
 Force as a Vector
F = Fx i + F y j Fy F

F = Fx i + F y j + F z k
Fx
y Fx
x F = Fy
z Fz
Vijay
Addition of Forces

F1 = Fx1 i + Fy1 j
F2 = Fx2 i + Fy2 j

R = F1 + F2 = (F1x + F2x)i
+ (F1y + F2y) j
Vijay
 Example

Rx  F1x  F2 x  0  F4 x
Ry  F1 y  F2 y  F3 y  F4 y
Vijay
Forces in 3D

   
F  Fx  Fy  Fz  Fxiˆ  Fy ˆj  Fz kˆ
Fx  F cos  x ; Fy  F cos  y ; Fz  F cos  z
Vijay
Turning Effect of a Force: Moments

F
d

The tuning effect of a force is

measured by the moment Fd
Vijay
Moment/ Torque

Vijay
Moment is a Vector

F
●
r

M = r× F
Right-Hand Rule
Vijay
Example

Vijay
Moment of a Force about a Point
  
• Moment Vector: M O  rO / A  F
– Magnitude: M O   r sin   F  dF
• Position Vector: r
O/ A
• Perpendicular distance
=d

Vijay
Vijay Gupta
Gupta 45
45
 Determining Moments in 2D

M B    rx Fy  ry Fx  kˆ
Determine + or - by the
right hand rule

For the picture here:


M B    rx Fy  ry Fx  kˆ 
rB / A  rxiˆ  ry ˆj

rB / A   x A  xB  iˆ   y A  yB  ˆj
Determining Moments in 2D
• Right Hand Rule:

Vijay
 Determining

Moments

in 3D

• Moment Vector M B  rB / A  F
• Position Vector:

rB / A   x A  xB  iˆ
  y A  yB  ˆj
  z A  z B  kˆ

Vijay
Vijay Gupta
Gupta 48
48
Calculating a Vector Cross Product
  
MB  r  F
iˆ ˆj kˆ iˆ ˆj

M B  rx ry rz rx ry
Fx Fy Fz Fx Fy
4 5 6 1 2 3

M B   1  2  3   4  5  6 

M B   ry Fz  rz Fy  iˆ   rz Fx  rx Fz  ˆj   rx Fy  ry Fx  kˆ
Vijay
Couple: Vector

C=rXF
Vijay
Moments Caused by Couples
• Moment vector caused by a couple is
sometimes called a “couple vector”
– Has components: 
M  M xiˆ  M y ˆj  M z kˆ
• Moment caused by a couple is a “free vector”;
you can place it at any point

Vijay
Equivalent Couples
• Two couples are equivalent if they cause the
same moment:

Vijay
Force-Couple System
• A force, F, acting at point A can be replaced
by the force, F, and a moment, MO, acting at
point O.
  
M O  rO / A  F

Vijay
Create a Force-Couple System at
a Chosen Point

F F F F
B A B A B A

= d F = MA

MA = d F
Vijay
Reducing a System of Forces to
a Resultant Force-Couple
System (at a Chosen Point)
F1
R

r1
r2 F2
A
r3 = MA
 
F3 R  F
  

MA   r F 
Vijay
 Reduce a System of Forces to a
Single
F
Resultant Force
1
R R R

r1
r2 F2 B
A
r3 = MA
= MA

F3 R R

Using method B
from prior slide =
Vijay
Equipollent Force System

P
P

P L

Vijay
Equipollent Force System

P
PL

Vijay
Equipollent Force System

Centre of Gravity

Vijay
Equipollent Force System

L L

Centre of Aerodynamic
pressure Centre
M
Vijay
Moment/Torque

Source: WikipediaVijay
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
• System does not accelerate
• Consequence of first law

No net force.

Vijay
 Is That Enough?

It will rotate till the two forces are in line.

Vijay
Equilibrium

For a particle: ∑F = 0

For a rigid body: ∑F = 0, ∑M = 0

Vijay
Equilibrium
∑F = 0

∑ Fx = 0; ∑ Fy = 0; ∑ Fz = 0

∑M = 0

∑ Mx = 0; ∑ My = 0; ∑ Mz = 0
Vijay
Free-Body Diagrams
Free-Body Diagrams (FBD)
• A free-body diagram of a structure or a
part of the structure removed from its
support.
• It shows all the (external) forces acting
on that part of the structure.
• The supports are replaced by the forces
that the supports apply on the structure.
Vijay
Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

Vijay
Free-Body Diagrams (FBD)...
Tension in the rope ??
T

T=W

W Vijay
 Free-Body Diagrams (FBD)...

250 N 250 N 300 N ?N 250 N 300 N

∑F = 0 ? = 250 N

Vijay
 Free-Body Diagrams (FBD)...

Tension ?

T
250 N 250 N 300 N
T = 800 N
Vijay
Lifting Pulley Block
T
TT
T T = W/4
Mechanical
Advantage

W
Vijay
Oil-Well Drill T

W1
Staging?

W2

Bit force Vijay

Equilibrium: System of Particles

F21 = − F12 F2
F1, F2, F3 must
F31 = − F13 be in ≡m
2
F23 = − F32
F21 F23
F12 F31
3
1 F13 F31
F1 F Vijay
Equilibrium: System of Particles..
F2 F , F , F must
1 12 13
be in ≡m.
2
F21 F23
F12 F31
3
1 F13 F31
F1 F Vijay
A Two-Force Member
Any object with two forces acting on it
will be in equilibrium only if the two
force are equal, opposite and act in
line.

Vijay
A Two-Force Member

Any object with two forces acting on it will

be in equilibrium only if the two force are
equal, opposite and act in line. Vijay
Two-Force Members

Vijay
 Two-Force Members...

F F

F F

F
F
Vijay
A Two-Force Member...

Vijay
A Three-Force Member

• Co-planar
• Concurrent

Vijay
 Restraints or Supports
Simply supported:

No moment.
Only reaction • Cannot translate,
force. • Can rotate.
Vijay
Simply Supported

Vijay
Simply Supported...

Roller
Pinned
Support:
Support:
Normal
Reaction
reaction
could be
only.
inclined.
(2DoF)
(1DoF) Vijay
Step Ladder

FRICTION
Vijay
 Leaning Ladder
RH2 RH1X4 – 600X0.5 = 0
or RH1 = 75 N

4m Or, N
RV1
600 N y
RH1 x
1m z Vijay
Additional Reference

http://web.mst.edu/~mecmovie/index.html

Vijay
Truss

3m
θ

cosθ = 4/5,
sinθ = 3/5
Vijay
 Method of Joints

Symmetry:

FGB 2FGC sinθ – 15 kN = 0

FGC FGC = (15 X 5)/(2 X 3)
FGA FGF = 12.5 kN
15 kN

Vijay
 Method of Joints

FCB -FCGsinθ - FCFsin θ = 0

FCF = - FCG = -12.5 kN
FCG FCF
- FCB – FCGcosθ + FCFcosθ = 0
FCB = –2FCGcosθ = 10 kNVijay
 Method of Joints
FFC RB,V

FFG
∑FV = RB,V +(3/5)FFC = 0
or, RB,V = - (3/5)FFC = + 7.5 kN
∑FH = -(4/5)FFC - FFG = 0
or, FFG = - (4 /5)FFC = 10 kN
Vijay
Clamped Support
While in the
pinned support,
the member is
restrained from
translating, in the
clamped
support, the
member cannot
even rotate.
Vijay
 Clamped Support...

x
x
x
• Cannot translate,
• Cannot rotate.
No DoF at all.
Also called built-in support
Vijay
 Clamped Support...
P
Fy
Fx
Mz

y Statically determinate
x
z Vijay
 An Example: Pinned Truss

C D

20 kN
Vijay
 An Example: Pinned Truss...
FD,DB B
B
FD,DC D
FBD,D
20 kN
D D
C BD is a 2-force
member.
20 kN So is CD
Vijay
An Example: Pinned Truss...
∑Fy = 0

F2 ∑Fx = 0

D = 20 kN
F1
20 kN Vijay
 Another Truss

150 70.7 T 150

Vijay
 Another Truss
- 200 C
- 213 C
70.7 T

Vijay
Another Truss

- 213 C

150 T

Vijay
Another Truss

Vijay
Another Example of Two-Force
Members

Vijay
 Two-Bar Assembly

60o 30o
F1cos30o – F2cos60o = 0
F1sin30o + F2sin60o – 500 = 0
500 N
F1 = 125 N; F2 = 433 N
Vijay
Segmented Axial Bar

Vijay