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THE KINGDOM OF

PLANTS
Compiled by :
Risda Muli, S.Pd
What is the branche of
biology that studied a
bout Plant ?
• The world of plants is predicted to have
covered 400.000 know species.
• Autotrophic
• Multicellular and has cell wall of cellulos
e
• Plants are grouped :

Non-vascular plants Vascular plants


Non-Vascular Plants
Bryophyta
The characteristics of a moss :
1. Moss leaves do not have leaf
veins.
2. It does not have true roots, only
rhizoid as sucker of food substance
3. The stem does not have vasculat
bunle yet.
4. Reproduces with spores
5. It is mono sexual
6. The gametophyte of moss is
haploid, sporophyte is diploid .
The three classes of Bryophyte (Howe 1989)
are follows
1. Hepar Moss (Hepatica)
- Thallus : sheets shape (has no root, stem and true leav
es.
- Found and land surface, on the surface of water, and t
he rocks.
- Members : Monoclea, Metzgeria, and Marchantia.

2. True Moss (Musci)


- Thallus : similar short grass shape.
- Body : straight stem, has branches and small leaves.
- Member : Sphagnum Archidium, and Andreaea.
3. Horn Moss (Anthocerotae)
- Habitat : on the side of the river, lake or channel.
- Gametophyte generation can be seen,
- Members : Anthoceros and Notothylas.
Life Cycle of Moss
Protonema

Moss plant

Anteridium Arkegonium
Gametofit
Sperma Ovum
Fertilisasi

Zigot (2n)

Embrio (2n)

Sporogonium (2n)
Sporofit

Sporangium (2n)
meiosis
Spora (n)
The difference between Arkegonium with An
teridium
No. Arkegonium Anteridium
1. Female Reproduction organ has Male reproduction organ has stick/ bar
bottle shape. shape.
2. Has protection cells that covered Has no ptotection layer.
shape of ovum inside.
3. Produce one big female gamet Produce some of male flegella gamet
(ovum). (sperm).
4. Female gamet attach with Male gamet released by anteridium
arkegounium
The benefits of moss are as follows.
1. Moss is pioneer plant.
2. Moss which grows on land surface can prevent erosi
on.
3. Dead moss will be decomposed by fungi and decom
posing bactera into organic substance, making the s
oil fertile and suitable for the growth of bigger plant
s.
4. Sphagnum sp. (moss which grows in tundra area) is
used for rendeer food.
Do Exercise Below (Genus of Bryophyte) !
Hepaticae Musci Anthocerotae
Characteristics
Metzgeria Marchantia Sphagnum Anthoceros
Thallus /
Cormus

Sporophyte

Reproduction
organ

Other
characteristics
Do Exercise Below (Genus of Bryophyte) !
Hepaticae Musci Anthocerotae
Characteristics
Metzgeria Marchantia Sphagnum Anthoceros

Thallus / Cormus Thallus with Moss the shape of Cormus-shaped. Moss the shape of
dichotomic thallus-shaped. thallus.
branching.
Sporophyte Formed in the Hidden, located on More than one, Horn shaped, and when
end of leaf veins bottom surface of growing in the end it is mature, the and
or the of thallus female receptacle. of the stem with spilts into two parts.
branches. sporogonium in Sporogonium has
round shape. chloroplast.
Reproduction In adorsal part Male receptacle Has antheridium The antheridium and
organ has antheridium has the shape like and archegenium. archegonium are
and a cup, and female located in a saucer of
archegonium. has the shape like different thallus.
an umbrella.
Other - - Growth direction is Contains one grain of
characteristics upright, it leaves chloroplast. Can be
have no leaf veins. found on land surface or
damp rock.
VASCULAR PLANTS
- Cormous plant : root, stem, and leaves are eas
ily distinguishable.
- Have vascular sheaves (xylem and floem)
- Consist of :
1. Ferns (Pteridophyta)
2. Seed plants (Spermatophytes)
1. Fern (Pteridophyta)
Characteristics :
a. Ferns are grouped into true cormophyts :
1. The stem has branches and some are woody.
2. The leaves is already have veinsof leaves, root, some have
no leaves just only scales.

3. Rhizoid has developed into the shape of a root.


4. Already has vascular the sheaf (xylem and floem).
b. When young the leaves rolled (fiddlehead), after growing up
it leaves can be distinguished into :
1. Tropophyle : special leaves that function in photosynthe
sis, they do not contain spores.
2. Sporophyle : spore producing leaf.
c. Spores are produced in the spore box (sporangium). Some spo
rangia form a group called sorus.
d. The spores vary in form, dimension, and characteristics.
e. Ferns undergo life cycle (metagenesis) like mosses. But, in fer
ns, what is actually known as fern is the sporophyte phase, w
hereas the gametophytic phase is still in the form of thallus a
nd so is so small that it becomes visible. The gametophyte of
ferns is called protalium.
f. Ferns are widely spread in tropical and subtropical area, and
they like humid places (hygrophyte), they live as undergrowt
h in dense forests, stick on other plants (epiphyte), and some
live in fresh water (hydrophyte).

Sorus
The classification of ferns should be consider the following
points.
a. The existence or absence of leaves, leaf shape and com
pisition.
b. The composition of sporangia and shape of spores.
c. The shape and structure of stem.
d. The anatomy of the body.

Classified into four classes as follows.


a. Psilotinae class
b. Lycopodinae class
c. Equisetinae class or horsetail fern
d. Filicinae class
Based on the kind of spores, ferns are grouped i
nto :
1. Homosporous ferns
2. Heterosporous ferns
3. Transitional ferns
Classification of Pteridophyta
Characterostics Psilotinae Lycopodinae Equisetinae Filicinae
Leaves Have no leaves yet The leaves are Scale-shaped and Has large dimension,
hai-shaped or tranparant. The sit leaf veins are parallel
scale-shaped. Leaf of the leaves is
position is spread. coralloid.
Stem The stem has The stem is like Hollow and Has true stem
branches wire segmented or
jointed.
Sporangium Sporangium is is Composed in Composed in Land : make
formed at the strobilus, formed strobylus, formed sporangium in
node armpit in the end of like a dorse tail. sourus,
branches. Water : make
sporangium and
sporocarpium
Spore Has spore Has spore The spore has 4 Sorus is formed under
elaters. the leaf surface
Fiddlehead Has no fiddlehead Has no fiddlehead Has no fiddlehead Has fiddlehead
Other Primitive ferns, Has sporophyll Spore has similar -
characteristic most of members sizes and shape.
are extinct
Example species Psilotum Lycopodium and Equisetum debile Oryopteris filix-mas
Selaginella
Grouped of Pteridophyta based on the kin
d of spore
Characteristics Homosporous Heterosporous Transitional
Dimension of spore Produces spores of Produces spores of Produces spore if
the same different the same
dimension and kind dimenions, where dimension and
each dimensions is shape, but of
a different kind. different kinds.
Kind of spore Protalium produces Big dimension : Prothalium only
antheridium and Makrospore → produces
archegonium Makroprotalium → antheridium and
Archegonium. archegonium.
Small dimension :
Mikrospore. →
Mikroprotalium →
Antheridium.
Example species Adiantum Selaginella, Eqiustem
cuneatum (suplir) Salvinia, Marsilea.
Paku Homospora
2. Spermatophytes
Characteristics :
1. Have specific characteristic that is seed organ.
2. True cormous plants : distinguishable root, stem, an
d leaves. Supporting organ : flowers, fruit, and seeds
.
3. Have vascular sheaf (xylem and floem).
4. Reproduce vegetatively (asexually) and generatively
(sexually).
Distingushed into 2 group :
5. Open seed plants (Gymnospermae)
6. Closed seed plants (Angiospermae)
a. Open Seed Plants (Gymnospemae)
Characteristics :
1. The root system contains taproots. The boundary between ro
ot end and calyptra is not clear.
2. The stem has branches.
3. The root and stem have cambium.
4. The shape of leaves are varies, they are stiff and contain vasc
ular sheaves.
5. They do not have true flowers
6. Seed embryo is found in the cotyledone.
7. Have strobilus.
8. Female strobilus : cotyledones.
Male strobilus : pollens.
The classes of gymnospermae
1. Class Cycadinae
2. Class Ginkgoinae
3. Class Coniferae
4. Class Gnetinaae
The classes of Gymnospermae
Cycadinae Ginkgoinae Coniferae Gnetinae

Characteristics 1. The primitive seed 1. It is a tall plant 1. Form of a bush, ir a 1. Has single leaves
plant. 2. Leaf has a long tree with a conical top facing each other
2. Habitat : stalk, is fan- 2. Habitat : in areas with 2. Its stem ais
tropoical and shaped, and has moderate and cold woody without
subtropical branched veins clomate resin duct
regions 3. In autumn, the 3. Monoecious, male 3. Its flower is a
3. Male strobilus leaves fall strobilus : the end of complex flower
and female 4. The outer cover of branch (produces in the shape of a
strobilus are the seed is fleshy, pollen) , female grain
found in the end while the inner strobilus : closer to
of stem of cover is hard the branch base
different trees (contains a lot of
4. Leaves are scales spirally, seed
arranged in embryos are located
prallel rosettes between the scales).
Roles 1. Root makes 1. Leaf : used 1. As a source of 1. Fruit and
simbiosys with medicine for material for making young leaf are
the blue algae asthma and to paper used as
(Anabaena) control blood 2. As a source of soft vegetable
2. As decorative pressure wood, plastic,varnish, 2. Its seed can be
plant 2. Fruit : supllement turpentine and ink for used to make
to brain painting chip
3. As timber 3. Its skin can be
used to make a
net
Example Cycas rumphii Ginkgo biloba Pinus merkusii Gnetum gnemon
b. Closed Seed Plants (Angiospermae)
Characteristics :
1. The plants have high development rate.
2. Already have true flower.
3. The shape and composition of the flower vary but has the sa
me basic parts : petals, sepals, pistil, and stamen.
4. Pistil : styles, stigma, ovary (ovules)
5. Stamen : filaments and anthers (pollen grain)
6. It has thin, wide leaves and leaf veins with varied compositio
ns.
7. Ovule or seed does not appear, covered by cotyledons.
8. It undergoes double fertlization.
9. The time used between pollination and fertilization is relativ
ely short.
10. Have many uses.
Composition of Flower
Pollen grains

Anther
Stigma

CARPEL

Ovary
STAMEN

PETAL

Ovule SEPAL
Pollination
is the event of sticking (falling) pollen to stigma.

Pollination can be seperated on the origin of pollen grai


n and factor that help pollination.
a. Pollination based on the orogin of Pollens :
1. Self Pollination (Autogamy)
2. Neighborhood Pollination (Geitonogamy)
3. Cross Pollination (Allogamy)
4. Bastard Pollination (Hybridogamy)
b. Polination based on factors that help Pollination

1. Zoogamy
- Entogamy → Insect
- Ornitogamy → Bird
- Chiroptogamy → Bat
- Malacogamy → Snail

The characteristics of plants whose pollination is helped by ani


mals :
a. Have bright colored plants
b. The flower is fragrant.
c. Have honey gland
2. Pollination by the wind (Anemogamy)
The characteristics of plants :
a. The anther is big, the filament is long and shooting out makin
g it easily shaken by the wind.
b. Pollens are small, light, dry aand many so they are easiily flow
n by the wind.
c. The sitgma is big, hairy and the hair sticks out, eanbling to cat
ch pollens easily, the styles stick out.
d. In general have no petals or if they do, the petals are not strik
ingly coloured.
e. Have no honey gland.
f. The flower stalk is long so its flower lies farther from the ste
m if compared to its leaf.
g. In general flower bud blossoms earlier than the leaf bud.
3. Pollination by Water (Hydrogamy)
In general happens in flowering plants which live in water
and the flower is soaked in water.
Example : Hydrilla

4. Pollination by Human (Anthropogamy)


Pollination which is helped by human is done on purpose
because there is no other medium that can help the fertilizati
on process.
Example : Vanili
Fertilization
is the process of fusion of spermatozoid cell with
egg cell (ovum) which produces zygote.
Fertilization in angiospermae is called double fertil
ization.
Angiospermae is called double fertilization because it h
appens two times :
a. The fusions of spermatozoid cell’ss nucleus with egg
cell’s nucleus produces zygote.
b. The fusion of spermatozoid cell’s nucleus with secon
dary cotyledon nucleus produces endoperm.
Life Cycle of Angiospermae
Based on the number of cotyledons angiospermae
are grouped into 2 classes, that is :
SEED LEAVES LEAF VEINS STEMS FLOWERS ROOTS

MONOCOTS

One Main veins Vascular bundles in Floral parts usually Fibrous


cotyledon usually parallel complex arrangement in multiples of three root system

DICOTS

Two Main veins Vascular bundles Floral parts usually in Taproot


cotyledons usually branched arranged in ring multiples of four or five usually present
The difference between Monocotyledone with Dycot
yledone
Classification
Several families of Monocotyledone are :
1. Liliacea Aloe and Lily flower
2. Orchidaeceae Orchid
3. Poaceae Grass, Corn, Sugarcane
4. Musaceae Banana
5. Palmae Ccoconut, Sago, Zalacca, Areca, Su
garpalm
6. Zingiberaceae Temulawak, Ginger
Several families of Dycotyledones are :
1. Papilonaceae Soybean, Greanbean, Peanut
2. Mimosaceae Mimosa pudica, Petai, Pithecoloi
um, and Kaliandra
3. Maluaceae Cotton
4. Myrtaceae Rose apple, and Guava
5. Solanaceae Tomato, Chili
6. Causarinaceae Pinus
7. Moraceae Rubber
8. Piperaceae Betel
9. Cactaceae Cactus
Thank you!

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