PLASTIC AND RUBBER

MARKET SURVEY REPORT

Subject: Building Technology and Materials
Class: Third year ‘B’

Presented by:
Presented to: Aniket Kulkarni
Ar. Mohini Chavan Sushant Lokhande
Sharvari Malusare
Ar. Nupur Chichkhede Omkar Tiwaskar
Gayatri Paratane
Ameya Patil
Rutuja Pawar
 PLASTICS
• A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi- synthetic organic solids that are
moldable.
• Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other
substances.
• They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially
natural.
• Synthetic resigns may be phenol, formaldehyde, cellulose vinyl, alkyl, etc.
The molding compounds are catalysts, fillers, hardeners, lubricants, pigments, plasticizers,
solvents, etc.
PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC:
 APPEARANCE: Some plastics are completely transparent in appearance. With the addition of suitable pigments, the
plastics can be made to have appearance of variety of attractive, opaque, stable and translucent colors.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE: The plastics offer great resistance to moisture, chemicals and solvents. The degree of chemical
resistance depends on the chemical composition of plastics. Many plastics are found to possess excellent corrosion
resistance. Hence they are used to convey chemicals.
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: This property of plastic favors quite satisfactory with that of other common engineering
materials.
 DUCTILITY: The plastics possess excellent electric insulating property. They are far superior to ordinary electric insulators.
MAINTENANCE: It is easy to maintain plastic surfaces. They do not require any protective coat of paints
MELTING POINT: Most of the plastics have low melting point and the melting point of some plastics is only about 50 ͦC. They
cannot therefore be used in positions having high temperatures or to convey boiling water.
OPTICAL PROPERTY: Several types of plastics are transparent and translucent.
RECYCLING: The most environmentally aware people condemn the use of plastics for the amount of pollution caused by them
in disposal. The plastics used for soft- drink bottles, milk and juice bottles, bread bags, syrup bottles, coffee cups, plastic
utensils, etc. can be conveniently recycled into carpets, detergent bottles, drainage pipes, fencing, handrails, grocery bags, car
battery cases, pencil holders, benches, picnic tables, roadside posts, etc.
SOUND ABSORPTION: The acoustical boards are prepared by impregnating fiber- glass with phenolic resins. This material
has absorption coefficient of about 0.67.
STRENGTH: An ideal section of plastics for structural member has yet not been designed. The plastics are reasonably strong.
The strength of plastics may be increased by reinforcing with various fibrous materials.
Following considerations are responsible to discourage the use of plastics as the structural material:
1.The plastics are costly.
2. The plastics are subject to creep under constant heavy loads.
3. The behavior of plastics is very sensitive to the changes in temperature.
4. The stiffness of plastics is very poor
THERMAL PROPERTY: The thermal conductivity of plastics is low and it can be compared with that of wood. The foamed or
expanded plastics are among the leading thermal insulators.
WEATHER RESISTANCE: Only limited varieties of plastics can be exposed to weather. The certain plastics are seriously
affected by ultraviolet light in the presence of sunlight. The resistance to sunlight of such plastics can be improved by
incorporating fillers and pigments which absorb or reflect the ultraviolet light at the surface. Thus the interior of plastics is
protected.
WEIGHT: The plastics, whether thermo-plastic or thermo-setting, have low specific gravity, the average being 1.30 to 1.40. The
light weight of plastics reduces the transport costs and facilitates fixing.
 COMPOSITION OF PLASTIC:

 Organic
+ Carbon + Oxygen + Nitrogen + Sulphur
Polymers

•  Most plastics contain organic polymers. The vast majority of

these polymers are based on chains of carbon atoms alone or
with oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen as well.
• Most plastics contain Additives (0 to 50%). The average
content of additives is 20% by weight of the polymer.
• Fillers are used to improve performance and to reduce costs.
• Stabilizers like fire retardants are used to lower the
flammability of the material.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PLASTIC
• Plastic Injection Molding Process:
1.The first step is to feed plastic pellets into the hopper, which then feeds the pellets into
the barrel.
2.The barrel is heated and contains a reciprocating screw or a ram injector. The
reciprocating screw crushes the pellets, making it easier for the plastic to be liquefied.
3. Toward the front of the barrel, the reciprocating screw propels the liquefied plastic
forward, thereby injecting the plastic through a nozzle and into the empty mold.
4.The mold is kept cool to harden the plastic into the correct shape. The mold plates are
held closed by a large plate. The movable platen is attached to a hydraulic piston, which
puts pressure on the mold.
5.Clamping the mold shut prevents plastic from leaking out, which would create
deformities in the finished pieces.

• Plastic Extrusion Molding Process:

Extrusion molding is very similar to injection molding and is used to make
pipes, tubes, straws, hoses and other hollow pieces.
1.Plastic resin is fed into a barrel where it is liquefied.
2. A rotating screw propels the liquefied plastic into a mold, which contains
a tube-shaped orifice. The size and shape of the tube determines the size
and shape of the plastic piece.
3.The liquefied plastic then cools and is fed through an extruder, which
flattens the plastic and forms the piece into its final shape
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTIC:

ON BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR WITH RESPECT TO HEATING:

• Thermoplastics:
Thermoplastics are the most commonly used type of plastic. The
main feature that sets them apart from thermosets is their ability
to go through numerous melt and solidification cycles without
significant degradation. Thermoplastics are usually supplied in the
form of small pellets or sheets that are heated and formed into the
desired shape using various manufacturing processes. The process
is completely reversible, as no chemical bonding takes place, which
makes recycling or melting and reusing thermoplastics feasible.
• Thermosetting Plastics:
In contrast with thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics (also
referred to as thermosets) remain in a permanent solid state after
curing. Polymers in thermosetting materials cross-link during a
curing process that is induced by heat, light, or suitable radiation.
This curing process forms an irreversible chemical bond.
Thermosetting plastics decompose when heated rather than
melting, and will not reform upon cooling. Recycling thermosets or
returning the material back into its base ingredients is not
possible.
•Homogeneous plastics :
This variety of plastic contains carbon chain i.e. the plastics of this group are composed only of carbon atoms and they exhibit
homogeneous structure.
• Heterogeneous plastics:
This variety of plastic is composed of the chain containing carbon and oxygen, the nitrogen and other elements and they exhibit
heterogeneous structure.
BASED ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :
• Rigid plastics :
•These plastics have a high modulus of elasticity and they retain their shape under exterior stresses applied at normal or
moderately increased temperatures. Semi-Rigid plastics These plastics have a medium modulus of elasticity and the elongation
under pressure completely disappears, when pressure is removed.
•Soft plastics :
•These plastics have a low modulus of elasticity and the elongation under pressure disappears slowly, when pressure is removed.
Soft plastics are available in a large range of colours, sizes and particularly shapes. USES: Used in making children’s toys eg:
rattles etc., fishing baits.
•Elastomers :
These plastics are soft and elastic materials with a low modulus of elasticity. They deform considerably under load at room
temperature and return to their original shape, when the load is released. The extensions can range upto ten times their original
dimensions.

 BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS :
Biodegradable plastic decomposes in the natural environment. It is produced from biopolymers called polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA). This material is completely biodegradable. Biodegradation of plastics can be achieved by enabling microorganisms in the
environment to metabolize the molecular structure of plastic films to produce an inert humus like material that is harmful to
environment. The use of bio-active compounds compounded with swelling agents ensures that, when combined with heat and
moisture, they expand the plastic’s molecular structure and allow the bio-active compounds to metabolise and neutralize the
plastic.
 TREATMENTS ON PLASTIC:

• Blowing:
This method of lubrication of articles of plastic is more or less the same as the one employed in the glass industry. A
lump of plastic material is taken and by blowing, it is converted into hollow plastic articles such as jars, bottles, toys,
etc.
•  Calendering :
In this process the plastic material is allowed to pass between the cylindrical rollers. The process is used to prepare
plain flat sheets of plastics. The roller may be provided with artistic designs which will appear on the finished product.
•  Casting :
This process is similar in principle to that of metal casting. The resin is heated and when it is in plastic form, it is
poured into the mould. The curing of articles is then done either with or without the application of heat. During curing
the low pressure may be applied if necessary. This process is used to prepare plastics of beautiful colours and it is
most suitable for cellulose plastics.
•  Laminating :
In this process, the thermosetting resin are just applied on sheets of paper, asbestos, cloth, wood, glass, fibre, etc. and
they are subjected to heavy pressure by allowing them to pass through rollers to form plastic laminates. The thickness
of sheets varies from 0.12 mm to 15 mm.Due to the pleasing finished surface, they are used for ornamental and
decorative purposes.
•  Moulding :
This is the most commonly adopted process for the fabrication of plastic articles. The general process consist in
placing the raw materials in a mould and then heating it.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC:

ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC :
• Corrosion resistance
• Low electrical and thermal conductivity, insulator
• Easily formed into complex shapes, can be formed, casted and joined.
• Wide choice of appearance, colors and transparencies
•

 DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC :
• Low strength
• Low useful temperature range (up to 600 o F)
• Less dimensional stability over period of time (creep effect)
• Aging effect, hardens and become brittle over time
• Sensitive to environment, moisture and chemicals
• Poor machinability
 USES OF PLASTIC:
There are more than 10000 different kinds of plastics available in the market and their performance abilities
span those of every other known material from soft rubber to steel.
The typical uses of plastics in building are summarized as follows:
• Bath and sink units • Jointless flooring
• Lighting fixtures
• Cistern ball floats
• Overhead water tanks
• Corrugated and plain sheets • Paints and varnishes
• Decorative laminates and mouldings • Pipes to carry cold water
• Roof lights
• Electrical conduits • Safety glass
• Electrical Insulators • Wall tiles
• Films for water proofing, damp proofing • Water resistance adhesive
• Foams for thermal insulation
and concrete curing • Floor tiles
 RUBBER
• Rubber also known as elastomers are high polymers having a unique property of undergoing large deformation
under load and returning to their original shape and dimension on its removal owing to lengthening and shortening
of the springs of spring polymeric chains (elastomer molecule is not a straight chained but in form of coil )
• The upstretched rubber molecule is amorphous in stretching the molecules in it get partially aligned to one
another . On releasing the stress chain regains its original coiled state
• Rubber is very important engineering material for any nation the most one being tire industry.
• India is the fifth largest natural rubber producing country in the world after Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Sri
Lanka.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBER: PROPERTIES :

• Flexible • non reactive
• elastic • chemically resistant to many fluids
• Non transparent • non conductive
• poor conduction of heat and electricity
• Hard and strong
• elastic
• insulate electricity
• tough
• Acid & alkaline resistant • electric resistant and insulator
• Doesn’t conduct heat and electricity
 CLASSIFICATION OF RUBBER:

1. NATURAL RUBBER
2.SYNTHETIC RUBBER
3.VULCANIZED RUBBER

NATURAL RUBBER :

• Consists of basic material latex , dispersion of isoprene which polymerizes to

form long coiled chain of polyisoprene . It’s made from sap occurring in cells of
various parts of plants such as HAVEA Brasiliansis & gauyile .
• Latex is obtained by making incisions in bark of rubber tree allowing sap to flow
out . It’s collected and diluted to contain 15-20% of rubber and then stained to
remove any dirt .
• Thereafter rubber is coagulated by adding acetic or formic acid . The coagulated
rubber is then treated to produce crude rubber known as Crepe rubber &smoked
rubber which is further processed ,milled and vulcanized to produce commercial
rubber .
SYNTHETIC RUBBER:
Any kind of artificial elastomer (a polymer) is called synthetic rubber. An elastomer can be
defined as a material having the property of elasticity. Thus, the type of rubber made from
chemicals to act as the substitute for natural rubber is the synthetic rubber. There are
various types of polymers used for making synthetic rubber types. Due to this, different
types of synthetic rubbers have different properties that are tailored for specific needs of
rubber products industries. To have an idea about these different synthetic rubbers.
Types of synthetic rubber:
• Neoprene: Also known as chloroprene, is an older synthetic rubber. It is less susceptible to
degrading, corrosion, and burning than most other synthetic and natural rubbers, so it is
often used as a base material in corrosion-resistant coatings, high-pressure gaskets, belts,
and adhesives. It is also used for weather-stripping on emergency exits and fire doors and
for masks.
• Silicone: Also known as polysiloxane, is highly resistant to temperature extremes as well
as ultraviolet rays, ozone, and fire. It is manufactured in many different colors and is very
malleable, available as both solid and liquid products. It is an essentially inert material that
doesn’t react to most chemicals. Due to this inertness, it is one of the few synthetic
rubbers that is both hypoallergenic and biocompatible. Silicone is, therefore, often used to
make medical equipment such as respiratory masks, surgical gloves, etc.
• Nitrile: Also called Buna-N or NBR, is resistant to heat, gas permeability, and oil. Because
of its oil resistance, it is often used in the automotive industry for gaskets, o-rings, oil
seals, and engine hoses. Nitrile is also utilized in the aviation and aerospace industries for
self-sealing fuel tanks and bladders.
 • EPDM: Short for Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer rubber, is a synthetic rubber compound. It
has a strong resistance to hot and cold temperatures, so it is often used in roofing as a
waterproofing sealant, and for other outdoor applications such as garage door seals and hoses.
EPDM is also used in the automotive industry as a sealant because it is insulating and noise-
reducing.

• SBR: Short for styrene-butadiene rubber, is known for being hard and durable. It is also much
less expensive than other synthetics. It is widely used for tires because of its durability, and
resistance to friction and tearing. These qualities also make SBR useful for shoe soles and
replacement heels, rubber cutting boards, and specialty gaskets
• .
• Butyl: Also known as isobutylene isoprene, is one of the most gas-impermeable, airtight
synthetic rubbers. Because of this, it is often used to make inner tubes and air-filled balls in
sports, and as a sealant for windows and tires.

• Fluorosilicone: Also known as FVMQ, is resistant to extreme temperatures, ranging from -100o F
to over 350o F. It is also resistant to transmission fluids, engine oils, fire, synthetic lubricants, and
ozone. Because of its ability to be used in extreme temperatures, it’s often used in the aerospace
and aviation industries
 APPLICATIONS OF RUBBER

RUBBER FLOORING :
• Used To A Large Extent In Public And Industrial Building Because Of
Their Good Wearing Qualities ,Resiliency And Noise Insulations .
• Made Up Of Pure Rubber Mixed With Fillers, Such As Cotton Fiber
,granulated Color Asbestos Fiber And Desired Coloring Pigments
• Manufactured In Form Of Sheet Or Tiles, In A Varity Of Patterns And
Colors

RUBBER ADHESIVE :
• Most All Rubber Based Glues And Bonding Agents Are Made Of
Rubber Mixed With Other Compounds
• Suited As A Bonding Element Because Of Its Flexibility
• Some Types Of Bonding Compounds Made With Rubber Are Used As
Sealants.
• Not Suitable For Bonding In High Temperature Situations.
• Since Its Water Resistant It Is Used Where Dampness Is An Issue .
• Might Be Damaged By Some Solvents and not suitable for bonding
heavy pieces .
EXPANSION JOINTS :
• A mid structure separation which designed to relieve stress on building
materials caused by building movement by :
Thermal expansion &contraction caused by temperature changed, Sway
caused by winds, Seismic events
• It marks a gap through all building assemblies including walls , floors, deck,
planters , plazas etc. because the joint biscuits the entire section .
• Used to bridge the gap and restore the building assembly functions while
being able to accommodate the expected movements .

BEARING PADS:
Rubber bearing pads are used in :
• Bridge bearing masonry pads
• Handrail bearings pads
• Pads between steel beam , girders ,grates &columns
• Shock and vibration isolation
• Heavy equipment mounting pads
• Railway tie pad applications
• Pads underneath concrete vaults