Unit: 5 – Work

Date: September 12th, 2019

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador

Learning Outcomes

• Lesson A: Talk about what people do at work

• Lesson B: Talk about your future career

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador

Learning Outcomes

• Lesson C: Make offers and suggestions

• Lesson D: Write a job application

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador

Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must
MUST

1. To express obligation or duty

This also refers to laws and regulations.

• I must memorize all of these rules about modal verbs.

• People must remain seated until the show is over.
• You must wear a seatbelt at all times.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must
2. To emphasize the necessity of something

Humans must have drinking water at least every two days.

You must give up smoking, it's bad for you.
We must have a special permit to camp in the national park.
You must study the last two chapters before the test.
Plants must have light and water to grow.
You must drive carefully.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must
3. Deduction - Sure that something is true (Certainty)

We use this when we don't know but we are certain that it is true (based on
evidence).

Look at all of that snow. It must be really cold outside.

The ground was wet this morning. It must have rained last night.
Dinosaurs were very big, they must have eaten a lot.
It's five in the morning and you still haven't gone to bed? You must be tired!
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must
4. A strong recommendation

Something that is highly recommended (stronger than using should)

We really must get together for dinner sometime.

You must see the new Peter Jackson movie, it's fantastic.
The ice cream here is delicious. You must try some.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must
Mustn't

The negative is Mustn't which refers to prohibition (negative obligation)

Mustn't = Must not

You mustn't use your smartphone while you are driving.

You mustn't get on the subway if you haven't paid for the ride.
You must not open the gift until it is your birthday.
We must not tell anyone.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson A: Have to
Lesson A: Have to

We use have to to talk about strong obligation that comes from somewhere else, for
example from you boss, you parents, a rule at school or work.

Examples: ...

Don't have to means that there isn't any obligation at all, ...

In spoken British English you can also use have got to and haven't got to.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson A: Have to
Lesson A: Have to
Have to is a construction (structure). It is not a modal verb. We use auxiliary verbs do
and does to form questions and negatives. Examples:

Positive
I have to work very unsociable hours.
She has to wear a uniform.
Negative
I don't have to work at weekends.
John doesn't have to do any work at home.
Question
Do I have to pay in advance?
Does your father have to travel a lot at his job?
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Can
Can––Can´t
Can´t
Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person
(like other verbs)
The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:
• I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I
have the ability to speak Spanish)
• He can swim well.
• We can see our neighbor in the garden.
• They can play the guitar.

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador 11

Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can

Lesson
LessonA:
A:Can
Can––Can´t
Can´t
Negative:

To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.
We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

•I cannot play the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.

•She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Questions Lesson
LessonA:
A:Can
Can––Can´t
Can´t
To from the question we change the position of the subject and the
auxiliary verb.
The main verb is still in the infinitive without to.
•Where can I buy an ice-cream?
•Can I go to the party, please?
•What can we do on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

•Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.
•Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.
Lesson A: Must – Have - Can
Lesson A: Must – Have - Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Can
Can––Can´t
Can´t
Lesson A: Must – Have - Can
Lesson A: Must – Have - Can
Lesson A: Can – Can´t
Lesson A: Can – Can´t
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Must
Must––Have
Have--Can
Can
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Can
Can––Can´t
Can´t
Lesson
LessonB:
B:Will
Willand
andMight
Mightfor
forpredictions
predictions
Lesson B: Will
Lesson B: Will

Predictions about the future

We use both will and to be going to when we want to make a prediction about
the future. A prediction is a statement that we make about the future. When a
person makes a prediction they say what they think will happen in the future.
Lesson
LessonB:
B:Will
Willand
andMight
Mightfor
forpredictions
predictions
Lesson B: Will
Lesson B: Will
When do we use the structure to be going to + infinitive?

We use the structure to be going to + infinitive if we make a prediction about

the future because we have evidence now that supports us in making that
prediction. This means that something now (in the present) tells us what is going
to happen in the future.
Lesson
LessonB:
B:Will
Willand
andMight
Mightfor
forpredictions
predictions
Lesson B: Will
Lesson B: Will
Everyday predictions about the future are made. Here are some
predictions that we see on a regular basis:

On television the weather forecast predicts what the weather will be like
tomorrow. Weather forecasters use different weather instruments that provide
them with information in the present. Weather forecasters use this information to
make their predictions about the weather.
Lesson
LessonB:
B:Will
Willand
andMight
Mightfor
forpredictions
predictions
 
CERTAINTY
Lesson
LessonB:
B:Might
Might
Use will or won’t to express certainty.
    e.g.
There’s a traffic jam. We won’t arrive on time.
 
POSSIBILITY

Use may/ may not or might/ might not to express possibility.

     e.g.
            I’m not sure but she may/ might be at home now.
            I’m quite busy so I may/ might not go away this weekend.   
Lesson
LessonD:
D:Organizing
Organizingan
ane-mail
e-mail
EXERCISES:
Make sentences

1. (+) she / to speak / must / English ________________________

2. (-) he / to go to class / have to ____________________:_______
3. (-) they / to clean / the house / can ________________________
4. (+) she / to begin / her class / have to______________________
5. (-) Cristian / to study more / will __________________________
6. (+) Mary/to talk on the phone/ right now / have to_____________

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador 22

References:

Touchstone – Students book with online course – Second edition – 2015.

Touchstone – Teacher Book.

Universidad Politécnica Salesiana del Ecuador 23