A D PATEL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY NEW V.V.NAGAR

ENGINE EMISSIONS

PREPARED BY :
•MEHTA YAGNESH SURESHBHAI(130010119055)
SUBJECT : INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (2161902)
BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTED BY : Prof.MADHURI BHADAURIA

1
 Table of content
• Introduction
• Engine emissions
– Emission sources in a gasoline fuelled car
– Emission sources in a diesel engine powered vehicle
• Exhaust emissions
– Hydrocarbon emission
– Carbon monoxide (co) emission
– Oxides of nitrogen
– Minor emissions
• Exhaust Emission Pollutants & Health Effects
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Nitrogen Oxide (Nox)
– Sulfur Oxide (Sox)
hydrocarbon
Engine emissions :-
• Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the
combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline,
petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal.

• According to the type of engine, it is discharged into

the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe .
 Exhaust emissions :-

1. Unburnt hydrocarbon( HC)

2. Oxides of carbon (CO2,CO)
3. NO , NO2
4. SO2 , SO3
5. Particulates, soot ,smoke
Emission sources in a gasoline fuelled car

Fig.1.1 -Emission sources in a gasoline fuelled car[1]

Emission sources in a diesel engine powered
Vehicle

Fig.1.2 -Emission sources in a diesel engine powered Vehicle[2]

Hydrocarbon emission :-
CAUSES :-
• Incomplete combustion
• Crevice volumes and flow in crevices
• Leakage past the exhaust valves
• Valve overlap
• Deposits on walls

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) EMISSION

• Created when engine is operated with a fuel rich
equivalence ratio
• CO + 1/2 O2=CO2 + heat
OXIDES OF NITROGEN :-
• Created mostly from nitrogen in the air
• Found in fuel blends
• Fuel may contain trace amounts of NH3,NC,HCN
Primarily causes for photochemical smog.

NO2 +energy from sunlight =NO + O + smog

MINOR EMISSIONS :-
Aldehyde, sulphur , lead, phosphorus
Exhaust Emission Pollutants
Type of Exhaust Emission Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• ● Carbon monoxide is a colorless,

odorless, tasteless and toxic gas produced
as a by-product of combustion.

• ● A product of incomplete combustion.

• ● The main source of CO in our air is

vehicles emission.
• Health Effects

• ● CO reduce the blood’s ability to carry

oxygen to body tissue including vital organs
such as the heart and brain.

• ● It is most harmful to those who suffer

from heart and respiratory disease.
Symptoms Associated With a Given Concentration
of CO Over Time
 Nitrogen Oxide (Nox)
• ● Generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with
oxygen at the high temperature and pressure in side
the engine.

• ● Nox gases are formed everywhere where there is

combustion – like in an engine.

• ● In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in

large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into
the atmosphere as air pollution can be significant.

• ● Nox react to form smog and acid rain.

 Health effects
• ● NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture, and other
compounds to form nitric-acid vapor and related
particles.

• ● Small particles can penetrate deeply into

sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing
premature death in extreme cases.

• ● Inhalation of such particles may cause or

worsen respiratory (breathing) diseases
 Sulfur Oxide (Sox)

• ●A general term for oxide of sulphur,

which are emitted from motor vehicle
burning fuel containing sulphur.
 Health effects

• ● Emissions harm human health depends

primarily on ground-level ambient concentrations,
the number of people exposed and duration of
exposure.
 Hydrocarbon
• In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical
compound that consists only of the elements
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
 Health effect

High levels of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere can

reduce the amount of available oxygen.

Carcinogenic (cancer causing) forms of

hydrocarbons are considered hazardous air
pollutants, or air toxins and can lead to the
development of cancer.
 References
(1) V Ganeshan ,(Internal Combustion
Engine)McGraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd.
(2) H N Gupta ,(Fundamental of Internal
combustion engines).
(3) R K Rajput ,(Internal combustion engines).
(4)[1][2]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-
stroke_engine_exhaust
• Thanks