Disusun Oleh :

1. Dany
Wulansari
2. Liliyanti Dewi
3. Mega Aulia
4. Rika Indriani
5. Rina Agustina
 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by inherited
and/or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the
pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such
a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the
blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in
particular the blood vessels and nerves.

Diabetes
Mellitus

Diabetes melitus is a group of metabolic disordersin which

there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased
thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause
many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic
ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious
long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke,
chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.
There are two principle forms of diabetes:

1. Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as insulin-dependent) in

which the pancreas fails to produce the insulin which is
essential for survival. This form develops most frequently in
children and adolescents, but is being increasingly noted later
in life.
2. Type 2 diabetes (formerly named non-insulin-dependent)
which results from the body's inability to respond properly to
the action of insulin produced by the pancreas. Type 2
diabetes is much more common and accounts for around 90%
of all diabetes cases worldwide. It occurs most frequently in
adults, but is being noted increasingly in adolescents as well.
3. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy diabetes mellitus during
pregnancy is a state of diabetes or glucose intolerance that
occurs during pregnancy, and usually lasts only temporarily
temporarily. around 4-5% of pregnant women are known to
have gestational diabetes, and are generally detected at or
after the second trimester.
 Causes of Diabetes
Mellitus
The cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains unknown,
although genetic factors may play a role. Diabetes mellitus results from
insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports glucose into the cell
for use as energy and storage as glycogen. It also stimulates protein
synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance
compromises the body tissues’ access to essential nutrients for fuel and
storage.
The resulting hyperglycemia can damage many of the body’s organs
and tissues. Type 1 diabetes is due to pancreatic islet B cell destruction
predominantly by an autoimmune process, and these patients are prone to
ketoacidosis. Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent form and results from
insulin resistance with a defect in compensatory insulin secretion Insulin,
a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls the level of glucose in the
blood by regulating the production and storage of glucose.
Risk Factors For Diabetes Mellitus Include:
 Obesity.
 Physiologic or emotional stress, which can cause
prolonged elevation of stress hormone levels.
 Pregnancy, which causes weight gain and increases
levels of estrogen and placental hormones, which
antagonize insulin
 Metabolic syndrome, which is considered a precursor to
the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus
 Some medications that can antagonize the effects of
insulin, including thiazide diuretics, adrenal
corticosteroids, and hormonal contraceptives
Sign And Symptom
Three classic symptoms experienced by diabetics. That is:
1. Many drink,
2. Pee a lot,
3. Weight loss.
At first, sometimes diabetics' weight rises. The reason is high sugar
levels in the body. So you need to be vigilant if you want to drink too much
and also feel like eating. The weight that initially continues to soar and
then suddenly goes down without a diet. My neighbor Ida's mother also
never realized that she suffered from diabetes when her fat body suddenly
continued to shrink without being desired. Other symptoms, are peripheral
nerve disorders in the form of tingling, especially at night, visual
disturbances, itching in the pubic area or skin folds, ulcers or wounds that
are long healed, erectile disorders in men and vaginal discharge in women.
In the early stages the symptoms are generally mild so that they
are not felt, only to be known after a laboratory examination.
In the later stages the symptoms that appear include:
1. Thirst
2. Piss a lot
3. Weight loss
4. Hunger
5. Limp body
6. Itching
7. Tingling
8. Blurred eyes
9. Dry skin
10.Weak sex drive
Prevention of Diabetes
Mellitus
There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes
can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal body weight,
engaging in physical activity, and consuming a healthy diet. Higher levels of
physical activity reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%. Dietary changes known to
be effective in helping to prevent diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in
whole grains and fiber, and choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats
found in nuts, vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less
red meat and other sources of saturated fat can also help prevent diabetes.
Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and its
complications, so smoking cessation can be an important preventive measure as
well.
The underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of the major forces
driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization, urbanization,
population aging, and the general health policy environment.
Treatment of Diabetes
Mellitus
The goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose
levels as close to normal as safely possible. Since diabetes
may greatly increase risk for heart disease and peripheral
artery disease, measures to control blood pressure and
cholesterol levels are an essential part of diabetes treatment
as well.
People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-
to-day care. This includes monitoring blood glucose levels,
dietary management, maintaining physical activity, keeping
weight and stress under control, monitoring oral medications
and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump.
• Dietary Management and Physical Activity
Modifying eating habits and increasing
physical activity are typically the first steps
toward reducing blood sugar levels.
• Insulin Therapy
People with type 1 diabetes require multiple
insulin injections each day to maintain safe
insulin levels. Insulin is often required to treat
type 2 diabetes too. Using an insulin pump is an
alternative to injections.
• Oral Medications
Sometimes blood sugar levels remain high in
people with type 2 diabetes even though they eat in
a healthy manner and exercise. When this happens,
medications taken in pill form may be prescribed.
The medications work in several different ways.
These include improve the effectiveness of the
body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar
production, increase insulin production and inhibit
blood sugar absorption. Oral diabetes medications
are sometimes taken in combination with insulin.
 Q&A SESSION
• 1. WHICH PART OF OUR BODY TO PRODUCE
INSULIN? (LIDYA G3)
• 2. WHICH ONE DANGEROUS BETWEEN
DIABETES TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2? (LAILY G5)
• 3. IS THERE ANYWAY TO CURE DM DISEASE?
(YOLANDA G1)
• 4. WHY THE PEOPLE TO GET DM HAVE DRY
SKIN? (IKA G2)