m Introduction

m Material and Method

m PCA
m Implementation
m Conclusion

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 2

m @he wide spreading of @echnology lead
to the necessity of applying more
Security Procedures.

m Such Security Procedures can be

implemented through Pattern
Recognition.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 3

m Pattern Recognition Applications
include:
1. Face Recognition
2. Finger Print Recognition
3. Voice Recognition
4. Speech Recognition
m In fact, Face Recognition Application is
one of the most applications widely
used nowadays.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 4
 „
 „



Credit Card, Driver·s License,
Passport, and Personnal
Identification:
Bank / Store Security:
Witness Face Reconstruction:
Controlled image
Controlled segmentation
Good quality images
High value
Geographically localised
search
Witness search limits
No existing database
Large potential database
Rare search type
Uncontrolled segmentation
Low image quality
Unknown similarity

Expert Identification: High value Low image quality

Enhancement possible Legal certainty required

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 5

m FR@ is formulated as follows:
º Given still or video images of a scene
º identify one or more persons in the scene
using a stored database of faces
m @his can be done through three stages:
1. segmentation of scenes from cluttered
scenes
2. extraction of features from the face region
3. decision

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 6

m At @he @hird Stage @hree @ypes of
decisions can be achieved depending
on the application :
a
 
 in which labels of individuals
must be obtained
 

 of a person: where it must be
decided if the individual has already been
seen
  
 
in which the face must be
assigned to a certain category
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 7
m Face viewed as a vector

m Image Space
º @he basis of the image space is composed of the following vectors :

º @he basis vectors of this face space are called the principal
components
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 8
m It is a way of identifying patterns in data,
and expressing the data in such a way
as to highlight their similarities and
differences
m Since patterns in data can be hard to
find in data of high dimension, PCA is a
powerful tool for analysing data
m PCA aims to catch the total variation in
the set of the training faces, and to
explain this variation by a few variables
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 9
m Step 1: Get some data
m Step 2: Subtract the mean

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 10

m Step 3: Calculate the Covariance Matrix

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 11

m Step 4: Calculate
the EigenVectors
and
EigenValues of
the Covariance
Matrix

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 12

m First Eigen Faces:
º @he first eigenface is the average face, while
the rest of the eigenfaces represent
variations from this average face
º @he first eigenface is a good face filter
º @he first eigenface accounts for the maximal
variation, the second one accounts for the
second maximal variation, etc.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 13

m Step 5: Choosing Components and
forming a Feature Vector
º Here·s where the notation of Data
Compression
º In fact, it turns out that the eigenvector with
the highest eigenvalue is the principle
component of the data set

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 14

m Step 5: Deriving the new data set

º @his the final step in PCA, and is also the easiest

º Once we have chosen the components
(eigenvectors) that we wish to keep in our data
and formed a feature vector, we simplytake the
transpose of the vector and multiply it on the left
of the original data set, transposed

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 15

m Finally, @hat·s what the PCA does

º Define the training set

º Define the faces to reconstruct
º Define the faces to meet (which stores the
components of the faces in order to be able to
recognise them afterwards)
º Define the faces to recognise
º Define the face to classify

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 15/05/2010 16

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