HUMAN CELL & SYSTEMS

Digestive, Cardio-vascular,
Respiratory, Excretory
&
YOGA

Dr.Deepak Bagadia
 AIMS & APPLICATIONS

Svadehe yo na jānāti,
tasya siddhihi katham bhavet
Yogachudamani Upanishad

Increases level of acceptance of Yoga

and to spread it
Yoga Therapy: Holistic approach
(Body, mind, intellect & Beyond)
Wholistic and Integrated approach
Human being: Consciousness &
Intellect
 ANATOMY
Definition:
1.The science of the shape and structure
of organisms and their parts

2. Anatomy is the scientific study of the

structure of living things including their
systems, organs, and tissues

Sushrut Samhita in Ayurveda :–

Everything considered as a single unit
(Panchakoshas, Prana, Nadis, Chakras
etc.)
Modern concept – more Analytical
 PHYSIOLOGY
Definition:
1. The biological study of the processes and
functions of living organisms and their parts.
2. Human physiology is the science of the
mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions of humans, their organs, and the
cells of which they are composed

e.g. cell physiology is the scientific study of

phenomena involved in cell growth and
maintenance, self-regulation and division of cells,
interactions between nucleus and cytoplasm, and
general behavior of protoplasm.
GOAL OF PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is study of specific characteristics &
mechanisms of human body that make it a living
being.
The very fact we remain active is almost beyond
our own control, for hunger makes us seek food
and fear makes us seek refuge.
The goal of physiology is to explain the
physical and chemical factors that are
responsible for the origin, development and
progression of life.
Thus human being is actually an automation
sensing, feeling, knowledgeable beings
 Biological Definitions
The cell (from Latin cella, means
"small room") is the basic
structural, functional, and biological
unit of all known living organism. A
cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells
are often called the "building blocks
of life". The study of cells is called
cell biology.
TISSUE (woven)is a cellular
organizational level between
cells and a complete Organ, made
up of similar cells and their extra-
cellular matrix from the same origin,
together carry out a specific
function.
ORGANS are then formed by the
functional grouping together of
multiple tissues.
 Elementary composition

Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is

made up of six elements: Necessary 4 life
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, 
Calcium, and Phosphorus.

Only about 0.85% is composed of another

five elements: K, SO4, Na, Cl2, and Mg.

The remaining elements are trace elements,

of which more than a dozen are thought on
the basis of good evidence to be necessary
for life.
 CYTOLOGY: Study of Cells
Cells make Tissues, Tissues make organs,
organs make system & systems make body.
 Our entire Body – 100 trillion cells.
 70 % of human body is fluid
2/3 – is inside cells – intracellular find
1/3 – outside the cells in the spaces – extra
cellular fluid (ECF)
ECF – ions + nutrients – needed by cells for
maintenance of cellular life. So, all Cells live
necessarily in the same environment ECF
IMPORTANT POINTS:
•Cell, tissue, organ and system
•Cell differ acc.to the function, they do
•Metabolism – anabolism and catabolism
(similar to the yogic concepts of Ida and
pingala) also the concept of brahma –the
creator, vishnu- the operator and mahesh-
the destroyer
•Fluctuation in structure and function and
how one affects the other
•Contents: PROPER CONCENTRATION OF-
Oxygen, Electrolytes, Water
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS ARE ALIKE

In all cells – O2 combines with

breakdown products of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein to release energy required for
cell function.

Mechanisms to convert nutrients into

energy are basically the same in all cells

All the cells also deliver the end

products of their chemical reactions into
surrounding fluids.
 HUMAN CELL – ANIMAL CELL
The cell is the basic building block of living
organisms (smallest unit).
Bacteria and the parasite : Unicellular
plants and animals: trillions of cells.
Most cells are spherical or cube shaped but
some are a range of different shapes
Normal size: 0.02mm. & 210 types of cells

A cell consists of Three main parts:

1. An outer cell wall or plasma membrane,
2. An inner region called the cytoplasm and
3. Nucleus
TYPES OF ANIMAL CELLS
STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELL
FUNCTIONS OF A CELL
The nucleus is the managing director of the
factory consulting the blueprint (the
chromosomes), controls activities.
nucleolus- helps synthesis of ribosome.
The mitochondria: supply energy/power
The ribosome makes the products.
The chloroplasts of plant cells supply the
fuel (food)
The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins, fats.
packages the products ready for dispatch
FUNCTIONS OF A CELL (cont.)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum modifies,
stores and transports the proteins and
products.
The plasma membrane is the factory wall
and the gates.
Microtubules-support, shape the cell
The lysosomes dispose of the waste and
worn-out machinery (organelles).
Mitosis is division of cells for growth.
Meiosis: cell division to produce sperms
& ova
Structure of a typical Plant Cell
ANIMAL V/S PLANT CELL
 Characteristics Animal cell Plant cell
Cell wall: Absent Present
(formed of cellulose)
Shape: Round Rectangular
(irregular shape)
(fixed shape)
Vacuole: 1 or more small 1 large central
 (90% of cell volume)
Centrioles: Present in all only in lower forms
Chloroplast: Absent makes own food
Characteristics Animal cell Plant cell

Cytoplasm: Present Present

Endoplasmic Reticulum:Present Present
(Smooth and Rough)
Ribosomes: Present Present
Mitochondria: Present Present
Plastids: Absent Present
Golgi Apparatus: Present Present
Plasma Membrane:only cell membrane Cell wall&membrane
Microtubules /:Present Present
Microfilaments
 Characteristics Animal cell Plant cell
Flagella: ---- May be found in some cells -------
Lysosomes: occur in cytoplasm usually not evident .
Nucleus: Present Present
Cilia: Present very rare
Both cells are eukaryotic, or cells with a membrane-bound
nucleus. Unlike Prokaryotic cells, DNA in animal cells is
housed within the nucleus. In addition, animal cells also
contain other membrane-bound organelles, or tiny cellular
structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for
normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of
responsibilities that include everything from producing
hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
 Histology: Study of TISSUES
A tissue is an organized group of cells
of different types as well as their
extracellular material

Four types/classes:
1. Epithelial: Covers surface. E.g.skin, linings
of body cavities & bladder, stomach etc.
2. Muscular: performs work or alters the
shape of an organ
3. Nervous: includes neurons and their
support cells
4. Connective: Rest of them. Blood cells,
bones & cartilage cells
Digestive system
The human digestive system
consists of the gastrointestinal tract
plus the accessory organs of
digestion. Digestion involves the
breakdown of food into smaller and
smaller components, until they can
be chemically transformed,
absorbed and assimilated into the
body. The process of digestion has
many stages.
Respiratory system
It is a biological system consisting of
specific organs and structures used for gas
exchange. The respiratory surface is
internalized as linings of the lungs. Gas
exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of
small air sacs called alveoli. They have a
very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air
into close contact with the blood. Trachea,
which branches into progressively narrower
secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch
into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles
which generally open into the alveoli
 HUMAN SYSTEMS
It is most important to realize that no
system in body works in isolation. All the
systems in body work in harmony
and coordination to produce desired result.
The networking and short messaging
service among the systems in coordination
with the Brain centers is extremely
powerful, faster and efficient than any
other system of this electronic age.

A single root cause like STRESS can be

responsible for manifestation of disease in
different systems.
 YOGA THERAPY

Yoga practices treat the root cause.

Integrated or holistic approach of Yoga
therapy thus allows us to treat person
rather than symptom
There is never a single causative factor,
BUT a combination of psychological, social,
environmental factors, familial and cultural
influences which cause illness.
Illness is of two types -
A) Disease - organic disorder.
B) Functional disorder. (adhija vyadhi)
 YOGA THERAPY
It is the strength of mind and not the dose of
medicine which helps illness.

1.Yoga Practices are Safe, non-invasive,

costless and need active involvement
2. Regular practices reduce level of anxiety,
improve pain threshold and also immunity.
3.Improves the ability of practitioner to face
stressful situations
Thus, yoga has potential to heal, cure the illness
beyond just a complementary therapy and can
serve purpose of antacids, analgesics,
antidiarrheal, anxiolytics, pro-pancreatic and
psychopharmacologic drugs.
 EFFECTS ON
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
It is perhaps the system in our body which
is insulted day and night by our wrong food
habits and changed life style. Many times,
it is subjected to the food which otherwise
can be digested only by Gastro Intestinal
(GI)system of carnivorous animals.
A beautiful homeostasis of neural, humoral and local factors
control the functions of GI tract. Various hormones like
gastrin, motilin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon,
catecholamines, various chemicals like dopamine, 5HT help
in this beautiful coordination.
 SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

1) High amplitude, high velocity esophageal

contractions
2) Decreased stomach motility, increased
secretion from Pancreas
3) Increased colon motility (IBS)
4) Increased satiety (Even after meals. This
explains combination of depression and
obesity).
5) Decreased pain threshold.
6) Decreased immunity (Result : Inflammatory
bowel disorders.)
7) Changed emotional behavior.
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. MASTICATION: Break food molecules
into basic constituents, mechanically.

2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION by enzymes

3. ABSORPTION of simple form of

essentials into blood stream

4. ASSIMILATION & Water Balancing

5. ELIMINATION of residue/waste
SECRETION & MOTILITY ARE IMPORTANT
TASKS TO FACILITATE DIGESTION.
BOTH COMPLEMENTARY &
INTERDEPENDENT TO EACH OTHER

Yogic cleansing processes help us to

achieve mastery over the sphincters
which are otherwise uncontrollable. This
is a step on the way to gain mastery over
mind.
 ALIMENTARY CANAL(9MT LONG,4 LAYERED)
Consists of: Oral cavity, Pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, both intestines and
anus.
Accessory Organs: salivary glands, tongue,
teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

SECRETION & MOTILITY ARE IMPORTANT TASKS TO

FACILITATE DIGESTION.
BOTH COMPLEMENTARY & INTERDEPENDENT TO EACH
OTHER

Saliva (Amylase):Carbohydrates Sugar(Maltose)

Digestion starts in the oral cavity, after proper
mastication and deglutition bolus moves to
Esophagus

•Three pairs of salivary glands

–Parotid (cheek/jaw)
–Sublingual (beneath tongue)
–Submandibular (chin/neck)
•They produce a liquid called saliva
•Saliva lubricates mouth during speech and
chewing and moistens food so it can be swallowed
easily
•Also contains enzyme called salivary amylase
•Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of
complex carbohydrates, or starches, into sugars
that can be taken into the body
Tongue: A muscular organ having special
receptors (taste buds), chews and
swallows.

Teeth: Physical breakdown. chewing and

grinding.

When a bolus is being swallowed, muscle

action causes epiglottis to close over
larynx
Esophagus, and remaining part of alimentary canal,
relies on rhythmic, wavelike, involuntary movement
of its muscles or a controlled wave of peristalses
which allows passage of food further. In-between
there are hurdles in the form of various sphincters
which allow flow of food only when it is necessary
Sphincters are one way gates. An effort is needed
to effect the flow in the opposite direction. Yogic
cleansing processes help us to achieve mastery
over the sphincters which are otherwise
uncontrollable. This is a step on the way to gain
mastery over mind.
In gastrointestinal tract we have cardiac
sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileo-caecal sphincter,
internal & external anal sphincters.
 STOMACH
• STARTS WITH CARDIAC & ENDS WITH
PYLORIC SPHINCTERS

•CAN EXPAND UPTO 4LT

•Emptying out starts after 30min to 4hrs

• It stores food and mixes it with gastric

secretions to form "chyme”, which is
transferred to small intestine.
•HCL kills bacteria, facilitates Iron
absorption, and activates the enzyme
pepsin (which starts protein digestion)
LIVER,PANCREAS & GALL BLADDER

 LIVER is the largest organ & chemical

factory in body. It is situated under cover
of ribs and costal cartilage on the right side
of ribcage.

Liver stores Sugar, secrets Bile(emulsifies

Fats), Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, plays a vital
role in metabolism, detoxification,
assimilation and circulation of various
essential nutrients and by-products.
GALL BLADDER lies on the under-
surface of liver, produces cholesterol.
(detoxification)

PANCREAS produces enzymes,

juices (breakdown of sugar, proteins,
fats), hormones(Insulin, Glucagon)-
sugar metabolism
chemical factory
 Small intestine
1) Duodenum (9to10”)
2) Jejunum (8’) LxDia= 20’ x 1”
3) Ileum. (12’)
4) ileo-caecal sphincter
5) Villi: Large area of absorption (blood capillaries)
Secretions: Bile(from Liver & Gall-bladder) emulsify
fats.
Pancreatic juices: Maltase (Protein), Sucrase
(Carbohaydrates), Lipase/Lactase (Fats) and
Amylase for converting sugar into simpler forms
Peptidase completes digestion of Proteins and
Streapsine of Fats

Digestion gets completed here.

Villi has blood capillaries and Lacteals

Capillaries absorb digested nutrients and

carry them to liver, where they are either
stored or released into circulation for
use by body cells
Lacteals absorb most of digested fats
and carry them to thoracic duct in
lymphatic system, which releases them
into circulation
When food has completed its passage
through small intestine, only wastes,
indigestible materials, and excess water
remain
LARGE INTESTINE (5’ x 2.5”)
•PARTS: CAECUM, APPENDIX, Ascending,
Transverse, Descending & Sigmoid COLON,
RECTUM (6-8”), ANUS. It encloses coils of
small intestine

FUNCTIONS: ABSORBS WATER, SODIUM,

REMAINING NUTRIENTS(B12), POTASSIUM
OOZES INTO IT.

Synthesis (formation) and absorption of some B-

complex vitamins and vitamin K by bacteria
present
Storage & Transportation of waste products out
of body
 INNER SURFACE AREA

• Stomach has thick muscle layer to churn

food
• Duodenum has mucus secreting Bruner
glands to stand the acid coming from
stomach
• Jejunum and ileum have enormous
mucosal surface area for efficient
absorption.
• Colon has thick musculature for
propelling relatively solid contents.
 CHEMICAL DIGESTION: SUMMARY

Proteins Peptones Tripeptides Amino acids

Polysaccharides Maltriose Glucose Disaccharides

/Carbohydrates

Fats Fatty acids (Water soluble)

 Effects of Stress

Experimental induced stress produced high

amplitude, high velocity esophageal contractions,
increased secretions from pancreas and
increased motor activity in colon (as seen in
functional bowel disorders).
These effects are transmitted by neurohormonal,
chemical system of messengers like corticotropin
releasing factor, vasoactive, intestinal peptide,
5HT, cholecystokinin, encephalins.

Yogic practices help to tune this psycho

physiological apparatus
Homeostasis: Regulation of system

Various hormones like Gastrin, Motilin,

Cholecystokinin, Insulin, Glucagon,
Catecholamines and various chemicals like
Dopamine, 5HT help in beautiful coordination.

This homeostasis of neural, hormonal and local

factors control the function of GI tract.

This networking and short messaging service

is extremely powerful, faster and efficient than
any other system of this electronic age.
Ingestion and Swallowing
Oral phase (Jivha bandha/randhradhauti, Mukha dhauti)
Pharyngeal phase (Ujjayi, Vamana, Sadanan mudra)
Esophageal phase (Vamana, all practices for Thyroids)

Stomach
Gastric juices (Pavanmuktasana, Sitali-sitkari,
Liver and Gallbladder Yogamudra, all twisting practices)
Bile production and storage

Pancreas
Hormones (Ardhamatsyendrasana & other twisting, Halasana)
Digestive enzymes (Mudras, Pranayams & meditative,relaxative)

Intestines (Vagus nerve)

Small Intestine (Kapalbhati, Halasana, Bhujangasana, Nauka)
Large Intestine (Uddiyan, Nauli, Basti, Sankhapraksalana -
Rectum, Anus Ashwini mudra, Mulabandha)
•The liver
–Largest gland in the body
–Located under diaphragm; in RUQ of abdomen
–Secretes bile
•Used to emulsify fats and
•Makes fats water soluble – necessary for
absorption
–Stores sugar in form of glycogen
•Glycogen converts to glucose and released into
bloodstream when additional blood sugar is needed
–Stores Fe and certain vitamins
–Produces heparin, which prevents clotting of blood
–Produces proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin
–Produces cholesterol
–Detoxifies substances such as alcohol and pesticides,
and destroys bacteria taken into blood from intestine
NEED OF YOGA TO IMPROVE DIGESTION
• Emotions & Moods influence appetite through CNS

• Appetite centre lies in lateral Hypothalamus

• Satiety centre in medial Hypothalamus

• To improve tone of invol. muscles of Abd. Organs,

affected by emotional status

• Practice of Kriyas reduces Acidity, mastery over

basic refluxes and improves Digestion

• Complete digestion with positive approach,

happiness & contentment i.e. yogic approach
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
A) Related to stomach and duodenum -
Acidity, Dyspepsia, GERD, retro- sternal burning,
Gestritis, Emesis, Peptic ulcer etc.
B) Related to small or large intestine –
Most common complaints are functional constipation or
diarrhea. Entero Colitis, Constipation, Fistula, Fissure,
Hernia etc.
A common condition observed is irritable bowel syndrome
Control of bowel motility is an example of beautiful
coordination of neurohormonal reflexes of gut wall, i.e.
between the autonomic nervous system and various
hormones in blood.
Good mental and emotional discipline by
consistent yogic practices takes care of a
hyperactive mind and hyperactive bowel.
 GI-DISORDERS & YOGA

Daily Yogic practices not only regularize the

bowel movements, but also provide a strong
psychological support.
A change in attitude takes care of depression.
This serves as a natural purgative. Many asanas
produce passive pressure in abdomen. This
helps to relieve constipation.
Kriyas like Uddiyan, Agnisar, Nauli, Dhauti…..
There is a very close relation of emotions and
their effect on GI system. This can be
described as brain-gut-axis.
METABOLIC DISORDER
Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic disorder: Defective mechanism of
sugar metabolism under control of Insulin
Type-I: Insulin Dependent or Juvenile
(commonly found in young age): Capacity of
Pancreas to make Insulin is lost: Genetic, Infec
Type-II: Diabetes Mellitus
Thirty in the sea – more in the blood, but no
sugar available where required
Yoga helps in stimulating Insulin secretion and
activation, improving metabolic activities
Anatomy of Diabetes
Why we should worry more?
In 2006, WHO had declared Diabetes as Epidemic
due to fast increase in numbers of Diabetics.
Today, each second, there is one death and two
diagnosed cases of Diabetes.

Majority of Indians carry genes of Diabetes, but

what makes these genes prone to manifest into
diabetes is LIFESTYLE, and related stress.

Each third person in Mumbai suffers, but each 5th

person is diagnosed for Diabetes.
Diabetes type-II (NIDDM)
A psychosomatic disorder, where BLOOD
SUGAR level is higher than normal i.e. Fasting
sugar (80to110mg/dl), PPBS (110to140)
Beta cells of Islets of Langerhan’s in Pancreas
Causes: Heredity, Over weight, Age, Stress,
Autoimmunity, pregnancy, Dietary abuse
Symptoms: healing capacity, Polyuria,
polydypsia, excessive thirst, prone to skin &
other infections
DIET, EXERCISE, YOGA(Tailor-made) & STRESS
MANAGEMENT, MEDICATION.
No ex. if BS>300, presence of Urine ketones
YOGASANA: ARDHAMATSYENDRASANA
Endocrinal actions
Adrenalin, Cortisol and Thyroxin are friends
of Glucagon, but Insulin is alone is enemy. So,
balance is lost when Insulin is insufficient.
Nervous system and Endocrinal system work
hand-in-hand, both affected by disturbance of
emotions. (H-P-O)
Highly sensitive in low dosages (Micro and
Picograms)
Juvenile Diabetes: No direct effect of Yoga
 Dehasadhana
General practices+Various kriya-s
like Kapalabhati, Dhauti, Basti, Nauli help in
reducing acidity, improve digestion.
Yogic kriyas teach us in getting mastery
over basic reflexes.
Basti : Mastery over emptying reflex.
Neti : Mastery over sneezing reflex.
Trataka : Mastery over blinking reflex.
Vamana : Mastery over vomiting reflex.
Shankhaprakshalana : Voluntary control
over involuntary reflexes
 Dehasadhana
Kriyas like Uddiyana and Agnisara are
unique. It creates a negative abdominal
pressure and helps in better splanchnic
circulation.
Dynamic exercises, Suryanamaskar for
Weight Control

A lot of research is done on it at

Kaivalyadham, Lonavala (India).

YOGA NIDRA (Guided Relaxation) gives

deep rest to all systems and relieves stress
Diet: Control on Sugar and blood level
Diet High in Protein, low in Carbohydrates
Vegetarian diet (leafy, fibrous and fresh
veg. salads& fruits) helps to reduce fat
and increases Insulin sensitivity.

Low salt, oil and related products.

Yogic management of Lifestyle helps a lot

•Diet
•Exercises, Yoga
•Medication
•Relaxation and Meditation
 PRANASADHANA:
Normally, when we breathe in, diaphragm
is pushed down. This helps in smooth
gentle massage of abdominal organs. This
helps in proper circulation and proper
digestion of ingested food.
If abdominal breathing (i. e. pushing
abdominal wall in as close to spine as
possible while expiration), is done with an
awareness, effect is much more enhanced.
Abdominal breathing is one of the most
effective method of reducing
stress.
 BHAVSADHANA
helps an individual not only to adapt
better to his sufferings but with an
improved tolerance to pain.
Yoga also brings an attitudinal change
which helps in de-addiction of alcohol and
tobacco, also brings a change in dietary
habits.
Practices of chanting (Om, japa, mantra
and devotional songs) affect the limbic
system. It affects the endorphin mediated
analgesic system.
 DIVYA SADHANA
Takes the practitioner to a level beyond
that of physical illness along with
mental tranquility.
It helps in regularizing diurnal rhythm
indirectly (active during daytime)
because one gets habituated to getting
up early in the morning for the
practice and going to bed early.
 &
YOGIC REMEDIES
 HEART: MAIN ORGAN
• TAKES BIRTH AFTER 21DAYS AFTER CONCEPTION

• FOUR CHAMBERS: ATRIUM, VENTRICLES: RIGHT & LEFT

• 250-350GM, FIST SIZE, VERTICAL SEPTUM, VALVES

• 70ML OR 72BEATS/MIN, SYSTOLIC & DIASTOLIC:120/80mm

• ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATED IN SINOATRIUM NODE

• SYSTEMIC & PULMONARY CIRCULATION

•AORTA ARTERY ARTERIOLE CAPILLARY

VENULE VEIN VENACAVA
 Contents of Human Blood
More than 4000 components. But main are:
1. Red Cells: Erythrocytes, 5 millions/cubic mm,
>40-50% of blood, Avg life 120days, mfg in red
bone marrow, 90% Hemoglobin, Transportation
2. White Cells: Leukocytes, (Eosinophils,
Nautrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes)
7000/cubic mm kill aliens and remove them
3. Platelets: Thrombocytes, coagulation of blood
4. Plasma: 92% water, occupy 55% of blood,
responsible for clotting
5. Agglutination: when blood is mixed
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD: Transport Oxygen &
Nutrients to body cells, elimination of CO2,
Ammonia & waste, Maintains body temp.
Immunity
Each beat of human heart lasts for 0.85 sec.

Systole of auricles: 0.15sec

Systole of ventricles: 0.30sec
All chambers in relaxed state: 0.40sec

Thus, involuntary muscles of Heart beats 72

times in a minute.
The primary controlling centre of cardiac
function is in Medulla Oblongata, regulates
bp
 120/80 mm of Hg(Mercury)
Pressure exerted on blood vessel-
walls.

Normal blood pressure is when the

top number (systolic blood pressure)
is 120 most of the time, and the
bottom number (diastolic blood
pressure) is 80 most of the time.
If your blood pressure numbers are
120/80 or higher but below 140/90, it
is called pre-hypertension.
 HEART DISEASE: MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH
CAUSES: OBESITY, HEREDITY, HIGH CHOLESTEROL, LIFESTYLE
ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DIABETES, SMOKING, STRESS

DISEASES: HYPERTENSION, CORONARY (IHD), CARDIOMYOPATHY,

DYSRHYTHMIAS, VALVULAR, INFLAMMATORY, PERIPHERIAL.
Heart attack or a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when the blood
flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Angina (pectoris) is chest pain
radiating down the arm that results from obstruction of the blood
supply feeding the heart, STROKE – when cerebral vessels occluded.

Coronary arteries : blood vessels serving the heart muscle

RISK FACTORS: age, gender, high blood pressure, high serum

cholesterol levels, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol
consumption, family history, obesity, lack of physical
activity, psychosocial factors-A type, diabetes mellitus, air
pollution,
CONTROL, PREVENTION AND REMEDIES
DIAGNOSIS: EKG's, blood tests and cardiac
catheterization.
TREATMENT: Medication, angioplasty; bypass surgery

DIET & LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION

DIET: LOW FAT, HIGH FIBRE, VEG.FRUITS, POLYSATURATED
FATS
NO TO D/I-TOBACCO, JUNK FOODS, PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS,
EXCESS ALCOHOL, SALT

YOGA PRACTICES FOR PROPER BMI, RELAXATION.

WALKING, EXERCISES, NOTIONAL CORRECTION,
COUNSELLING, +VE MEDITATIONS, OM & MANTRA
CHANTING.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM & YOGA
 Main Features of Respiration:
•The energy is generated by the breakdown
of glucose molecules in all living cells of the
human body.
•Oxygen is inhaled and is transported to
various parts and are used in the process of
burning food particles (breaking down of
glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a
series of chemical reactions.

•The obtained glucose molecules are used for

discharging energy in the form of ATP-
adenosine triphosphate molecules by the
human body to fulfil essential life processes.
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
NOSE: Provides an airway for respiration.
Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of
nostrils acts as the body’s first line of defense by
filtering foreign pathogens. They provide
additional humidity for inhaled chambers and
Olfactory functions.
PHARYNX has 3 parts
1.Naso-pharynx
2.Oro-pharynx
3.Laryngo-pharynx Saptapath’

LARYNX: Extends from pharynx to trachea,

Functions: protects food from entering the
respiratory passage (epiglottis),
production of sound(phonation). It is also termed
as Adam’s apple or the voice box
 BRONCHIAL TREE
Bronchial tree -
extensively branching
respiratory passageways
Primary bronchi (main
bronchi)
Largest bronchi
Right main bronchi - wider
and shorter than the left
Secondary (lobar)
bronchi
Three on the right
Two on the left
Tertiary (segmental)
bronchi - branch into
each lung segment
Bronchioles - little
bronchi, less than 1 mm
in diameter
Terminal bronchioles -
less than 0.5 mm in
diameter
 Trachea (windpipe):
The walls of trachea comprise of C-shaped
cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the
trachea and maintain it by completely expanding.
The trachea extends further down into the
breastbone and splits into two bronchi, one for
each lung.
Bronchi
Each bronchi enter each lung individually. The
bronchi are divided into secondary, tertiary, and to
bronchioles which is again further divided into
small air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are
minute sacs of air with thin walls, and single-
celled manner. It enables the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from
the bloodstream.
Types of respiration
• External respiration
– Exchange of gases between
atmosphere and
blood tissue
– Occurs in alveoli of lung tissue
• Internal respiration
– Exchange of gases between blood
and cells of the body

• Cellular respiration
– Utilization of oxygen to create ATP
COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATION: Inhalation: active
Exhalation: passive, Rate of respiration
Hyperventilation AND Apnea
Muscles assisting the process of respiration:
Diaphragm, intercostal muscles and
a few other accesory muscles.
Negative intrathoracic pressure
Pump handle and bucket-handle movements
Spirometry: to measure the pulmonary lung
functions.
Functions of respiratory system:
1.Respiration(gaseous exchange), 2. Excretory
function,
3. Temperature regulation, 4. Phonation
5. Olfaction
Volumes & capacities
 Obstructive and restrictive disorders
ASTHMA: Constriction of airways in lungs,
swelling of linings, secretion of sticky mucus.
Patients showing oversensitivity.
Allergic, intrinsic asthma, atopic(congenital).

Symptoms: Difficulty in breathing, wheezing sound

Secretion of phlegm, coughing.

Treatment: Avoid allergens, broncho-dialators.

Breathing practices, tranquility of mind.
Avoid allergic food, strenuous work, cold.

Emphysema, BRONCHITIS, COUGH, commonCOLD,

Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, ILD.
 Control of respiration & YOGA
Involuntary control:
1.Respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
through phrenic and spinal nerves
2.Nervous control through ANS by sympathetic
and parasympathetic branches
3. Chemical control: CO2 conc. in blood.
Changed by type and force of respiration.
Observed in kapalabhati as Sahaj-kumbhak.
4. Pressure control: through aortic body and
carotid sinuses,
depends on blood supply to brain
5.Stretch control: receptors in the alveolar walls

Chemoreceptors & Baroreceptors

 Voluntary control
Under control of higher centre- the cerebrum.
In Pranayama, control is shifted from the medulla
to the cerebrum and respiration is with
awareness.
Emotions like anger, fear, pain and acts like
laughing, crying, coughing and sneezing
(protective refluxes)

Deep breathing, Anulom-Vilom (Nadishodhan)

Ujjayi: Throat, URT, Larynx, Pharynx

Bhramari: Physical, Mental & emotional level
 DEFINITION:

The excretory system consists of the

organs that remove metabolic wastes
from the body.
In humans, this includes the removal of
liquid nitrogenous waste in the form of
urine and solid wastes especially from
the breakdown of hemoglobin.
The removal of urine is accomplished by
the urinary tract, while solid wastes are
expelled through egestion from the large
intestine.
• 20% of blood of each heart-beat flows
to kidneys
• Total Blood flows into Kidneys 12
times/hour

• Out of 125ml/min of fluid absorbed out

of blood in filters, 124ml/min gets
returned i.e. 1ml/min Urine is made

• Blood enters into Kidneys through

Renal artery and leaves through Renal
veins
 Kidneys
The kidneys are paired, bean-shaped organs
located in the abdomen, on either side of
the spine, under the diaphragm. They are
made of a large number of structural and
functional sub-units called nephrons
(1million/Kidney). These nephrons perform
the primary task of filtering blood and
removing waste products.
Each Nephron snakes between the outer
cortex of the kidney and the inner medulla,
with different activities occurring at each
site. Urine gets collected in Urinary Bladder
through Ureter (25–30 cm (10–12 in) long).
Finally ejected out through Urethra
Liver
The liver is the main detoxifying organ of
the body, especially for nitrogenous
wastes.
The cells of the liver play host to
biochemical processes that create
ammonia from amino acids. Since
ammonia is extremely toxic, it is quickly
converted to urea before being
transported in the blood towards the
kidney.
Other poisons are also synthesized in
Liver and removed from the body
 FUNCTIONS
1. Purification/Detoxification of Blood
2.Regulate bp and electrolytes bal.
3.Stimulates RBC production
4.Increases Calcium absorption
5.Osmoregulation: water-solute bal.
6.Maintains salt level in the body
7.Amino acid/Nucleic acid converted to
Nitrogenous waste products(urea, uric
acid, Ammonia, Creatinine
8. Ammonia Liver Urea (less toxic)

HOMEOSTASIS
 Skin

The skin is a secondary excretory

organ since sweat glands in the dermis
can remove salts and some excess
water.

The skin also has sebaceous

Glands that can secrete waxy lipids.