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BIT 1
 Types of Antennas

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Log periodic 2
An example
What we are going to study
 Typical Antenna parameter

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 It look Like idly maker cover? Why we Indian getting from
isral?
 Look at the isral map ,area less then tamil nadu?
 Because of technology lack

Ref:http://defence-blog.com/army/viewpoint-india-israel-ties-have-much-more-
potential.html because of Lack of technology skill

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 Antenna Characteristics

 antennas radiate in various directions

 How to characterize?

antennas generate EM field pattern

 not always possible to model mathematically
 difficult to account for obstacles
 antennas are studied in EM isolated rooms to extract key
 performance characteristics
  application determines required direction & focus of signal
 antenna characteristics or parameters.
 (i) radiation field pattern
 (ii) gain
 (iii) lobes, beamwidth, nulls
 (iv) directivity

(i) antenna field pattern = general shape of signal intensity in far-field

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A rectangular plot

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 What is surface area of sphere?

What is the total solid angle in Steration?

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 Where P:power radiated per unit area in any direction is given by the
Pointing Vector

it is the power radiated from the antenna

per unit solid angle is called radiation
intensity

The total power radiated

The Average power radiated

Φ av represents the radiation intensity that would be produced by an isotropic

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 Directive gain
Directive gain g d , in a given direction ,is defined as the ratio of the
radiation intensity in that direction to the average radiated power.

When expressed in decibels the directive gain is denoted by G d

The directivity ,D, of an antenna is its maximum directive gain.

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 Power gain
Total power = radiated power + ohmic losses in the antenna

Power gain g p , If total input power W t is used instead of radiated power Wr ,

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 Efficiency

Effective Area
The effective area or effective aperture of an antenna is defined in terms of the directive
gain of the antenna

Received Power

P is the power flow per square meter for the incident wave
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 Concept of retarded vector potential

How this fields are related to their sources?

First set up potentials in terms of the charges or currents, and then to obtain the electric
or magnetic fields from these potentials.

Finding potential is possible

through several different ways

Heuristic approach: Second method is start with Third method is to attempt a

Simple way is to generalize the Maxwell’s equations and from direct solution of the derived
potentials already developed these derive differential differential equations for
for the steady electric and equations that the potential
must satisfy. the potentials.
magnetic fields,
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 Heuristic approach
Electrostatic scalar potential V Vector potential A

Magnetic Field H
Electric Field E

If the source is vary with time

Consider finite propagation time delay

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 (ii) Antenna Gain
Gain is Measured Specific to a Reference Antenna
 isotropic antenna often used - gain over isotropic
 isotropic antenna – radiates power ideally in all directions
 gain measured in dBi
 test antenna’s field strength relative to reference isotropic antenna
 at same power, distance, and angle
 isotropic antenna cannot be practically realized

• ½ wave dipole often used as reference antenna

 easy to build
 simple field pattern

 a lamp is similar to an isotropic antenna

 a lens is similar to a directional antenna
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Antenna Gain  Amplifier Gain
 antenna power output = power input – transmission line loss
 antenna shapes radiated field pattern
 power measured at a point is greater/less than that using reference antenna
 total power output doesn’t increase
 power output in given direction increases/decreases relative to reference antenna

e.g.
a lamp is similar to an isotropic antenna
a lens is similar to a directional antenna
 provides a gain/loss of visible light in a specific direction
 doesn’t change actual power radiated by lamp

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Example problem: Consider a lossless antenna with a directive gain of +6 dB. If 1 mW of
power is fed to it the total power radiated by the antenna will be

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 Example problem:
A transmission line is feeding 1 Watt of power to a horn antenna having a gain of 10 dB. The
antenna is matched to the transmission line. The total power radiated by the horn antenna
into the free – space is

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 Take Home Problem

Two dissimilar antennas having their maximum directivities equal

(a) Must have their beam widths also equal
(b) Cannot have their beam widths equal because they are dissimilar
antennas
(c) May not necessarily have their maximum power gains equal
(d) Must have their effective aperture areas (capture areas) also equal

A transmitting antenna radiates 251 W Isotopically. A receiving antenna located 100m away from
the transmitting antenna has an effective aperture of 500 cm 2
. The total power received by the antenna is

At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter diameter and 70% efficiency is

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