DEVELOPMET:

Conceptualization

Dr. M r utuya njay Sahu

Development
D

P
 CHANGE
… P
R
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O N
R
G P
R.
A S. O
Has a S
Natural
Direction G
Process. I
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V
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GROWTH
…
 Development

GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

 Takes place in some sectors.  It is an all round concept.

 Subjective in nature.
 Objective in nature.
 Long term.
 Short term.  E.g.:-increase in the
 E.g.:-increase in the quantity and quality of
quantity of output of a output of a crop due to
crop due to good rainfall irrigation facilities
 CHANG
E
GROWTH

PROGRESS

DEVELOPMENT
What is development?
Development is
Development is
a long term
a short to
process of
medium term
structural
outcome of
societal
desirable targets
transformatio
n
Development
is a
dominant
discourse of
western
modernity
 Meaning of
 A state of Development
being where everyone’s needs are met and
conditions exist for all to develop themselves to full potential.

 Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but

rather a multi-dimensional process involving reorganization
and reorientation of entire economic and social system

 Development is process of improving the quality of all human

lives with three equally important aspects. These are:

 Raising peoples living levels, Self-esteem, Increasing

peoples freedom
U

W
A

N
T
E

O
 Aspects of Development

 Social- Process of growth and development of capacities of

the people and the improvement of the societies in which
they live in order to have a better life for all.

 Economical-Discussed in of economic growth

although term are aware of non-
economists factor. well economic

 Political- Process of increasing rationality, equality

and participation and secularization in the
political system.
 Alternative Interpretations of Development

 Development as Economic Growth- too often commodity

output as opposed to people is emphasized-measures of
growth in income.

 Development as Modernization- emphasizes process of

social change which is required to produce economic
advancement; examines changes in social, psychological
and political processes;

 Development as Distributive Justice- view development

as improving basic needs
 Negative views about
Development
 Development is
modernization...following the footsteps of the West.

 Development is not always positive.

 Development has failed. It was always a hoax to

cover up violent damage being done to the
"developing world” and its peoples.

 It is impossible to avoid contradictions in a

single definition of development.
Walk-in and Walk-Out Relationship:
Should be Legalized or Banned?
 Measuring Development
 Gross National Product (GNP) Measure of the total value of the
officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens
and corporations of a country in a given year. Includes things
produced inside and outside a country’s territory.

 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Measure of the total value of the

officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens
and corporations of a country in a given year.

 GNP or GDP does not reflect regional variations-it also doesn’t

count the informal economy-black market, illegal drug trade &
underground economy
 Measurement of GDP
GDP is the Market Value . .
.
 Output is valued at market prices.
 GDP is a weighted average
 When prices are determined in markets they reflect
the marginal value people place on them.
 It records only the value of final goods, not
intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).

 For Example: If a baker buys flour from farmer, it is not part of

GDP, the bread produced from it and sells in the market. If you
buy flour in the supermarket it is part of GDP.
 This method uses GDP = C + I + G + NX (X-M)
 Measurement of GDP
Goods and Services . . .“

 It includes both goods (food, clothing, cars)

and services (haircuts, doctor visits).

 Includes only those goods and services produced

in market, Not those produced at home

 Important to remember because in developing

countries many goods may be produced outside the
market

 Noillegal goods: Prostitution is part of GDP in

 Measures of Development
 Occupational Structure of the Labor-Force-% of workers in each section
high number in agriculture signals low development
 Consumption of Energy per Person-the greater the use of electricity-the
higher the development
 Transportation & Communication per person-rail road, road miles and
airline connections per person as well as telephone, radio, television or
computers per person.
 Consumption of Manufactured Metal per Person-the greater the
amount of steel, iron, copper, aluminum etc. used per person
 Other Rates-
– Literacy
– Caloric intake
– % of income spent on food
– Amount of savings per person
 Can Money Buy Happiness?
OR
What Money Cant buy?

Bill Gates Said: “ When you have money

in your hand you forget who you are.
But when you don’t have money,
everyone forgets who you are”
 GDP & DEVELOPEMNT
 Some things that contribute to well-being are not included
in GDP.

 For Exam: Value of leisure, clean environment, Value of

Volunteer work, value of the time parents spend with
their children

 Gross National Happiness Index

 Four Pillar: Sustainable and equitable socio-economic

development;
2) environmental conservation; 3) preservation and
promotion of culture; and 4) good governance
 Criteria: Social healthy, basic facility,
Expectancy,
support, freedom to make life
generosity, and perceptions of corruption, Law &choices
Environment, Education, Food and housing, religion, ,
Order,
politics

 Finland-1, US-18, UAE-21, Bhutan-95, China-93, India-

Buddhist Economics: Pillars of Happiness
 Happiness: Finland vs India
ISSUES FINLAND INDIA

Health Care 3.7 doctors per 100 population 0.7 doctors per 1000 population

Gender Equality Ranks 14th in Global Gender Gap Ranks 108 in Global Gender
Report 2017 Gap Report 2017
Cycling is the 50% residents commute to workplace India loses Rs. 60,000 crore a
norm by cycle year due to congestion
Saves about 34 million dollars each year 1.2 Million People die due to
Reduces pollution, accidents and Air Pollution in 2017
congestion Adds an average 1 -2 year life
expectancy
Community More than 40% do voluntary 1 crore voluntary workers but still
service work contributing 9.6% to not sufficient
GDP
Health spending Spent 5183 USD per capita Spent a meagre amount of USD
in 2017 on health sector 238 per capita on its health sector
What causes Underdevelopment?
 Political instability and corruption
Exploitation of natural resources and
workers
 Dependence of agricultural products
 Misuse of foreign assistance
 Cultural resistance to
modernization
Low Per Capita Incomes, Low Literacy
and Educational Attainment
 What causes Underdevelopment?
 Old view that absence of development caused by
certain physical environments, particular cultural
traditions and value systems- environmental and
cultural determinism

 Lack of natural resources certainly impediment to

development but not impossible

 Example of Japan: Why has Japan succeeded?

 Reasons for Japanese
 Able to adapt
Success
to spatial-physical
situation

 Highly literate population

 Early development of
transport and banking
systems

 Niche development-
technology driven

 Strong cooperation between

 Why isn’t the whole world developed?

 Differences in resources, Culture

 Economic growth is very uneven

 A look at a satellite photo taken makes this very

clear

 Not all area with light have same standard of

living
 Some dark areas have low population density but
not all Maybe part of the answer but not all of it
