NDA-MEng-SIGNALS2-WEEK 2 - 2018

Week 2
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS(II)
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NDA - EEE Department S.M. Sani; PhD, MSc(Eng), BSc(Eng), CEng, MIEEE, MIEE, MNSE 04/06/2020
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES
 The basic operations on sequences are as follows:
i. Time Shifting
ii. Time Reversal
iii. Time Scaling
iv. Amplitude Scaling
v. Signal Addition
vi. Signal Multiplication
NDA - EEE Department S.M. Sani; PhD, MSc(Eng), BSc(Eng), CEng, MIEEE,
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04/06/2020
MIEE, MNSE
 Time Shifting
 Time shifting may result in time delay or time advance
 Time shifting of discrete-time signal can be represented by,
y[n] = x[n-k]
 If k is positive, it is a delay and the shift is to the right
 If k is negative, it is advance and the shift is to the left
 Some examples are shown in the next slide
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 Time Shifting
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 Time Reversal
 The time reversal or folding is obtained by folding the signal

about n = 0
 It is the reflection of the original signal
 It is obtained by replacing the independent variable, n by -n
 Examples of time reversal are shown in the next slide
 The signal x[-n+3] is obtained by delaying (shifting to the right)

the time reversed signal x[-n] by 3 units of time
 The signal x[-n-3] is obtained by advancing (shifting to the left)

the time reversed signal x[-n] by 3 units of time
 Other examples are also shown

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 Time Reversal
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 Amplitude Scaling
 Amplitude scaling can be represented as,
y[n] = α x[n]
 If 𝛂 > 1, it is amplification
 If 𝛂 < 1, it is attenuation
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 Time Scaling
 Time scaling may be time expansion or time compression
 Time scaling can be represented mathematically as,
y[n] = x[an]
 When a > 1, it is time compression
 When a < 1, it is time expansion
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 Signal addition and subtraction
 The sum of two signals x1[n] and x2[n] can be obtained by adding the
corresponding sample values
 The subtraction of x2[n] from x1[n] and can be obtained by subtracting each
sample of x2[n] from the corresponding sample of x1[n]
 Example
x1[n] = ; x2[n] =
 x1[n] + x2[n] = =
 x1[n] - x2[n] = =
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 Signal multiplication
 The multiplication of two discrete-time sequences ; x1[n] and x2[n] can be

performed by multiplying their sample values at the sampling instants as
illustrated below
 Example
x1[n] = ; x2[n] =
Then,
x1[n] x2[n] = =
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CLASSIFICATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS
 Signals are classified according to their nature and characteristics in the

time domain
 Broad classifications:
• Continuous-time signals:
 defined at every instant of time.
 Continuous in both amplitude and time
 The independent variable is t
• Discrete - time signals:
 defined only at discrete instants of time.
 Continuous in amplitude but discrete in time
 The independent variable is n

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 Illustration of continuous-time and discrete-time signals
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 Both continuous-time and discrete-time signals are further

classified as follows:
i. Deterministic and random signals
ii. Periodic and non-periodic(aperiodic) signals
iii. Energy and power signals
iv. Causal and non-causal signals
v. Even and odd signals

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 Deterministic and Random Signals
 Deterministic Signal
 A signal that exhibits no uncertainty of its amplitude and phase at

any given instant of time is called deterministic signal
 It can be completely represented by mathematical equation at any

time and its nature and amplitude at any time can be predicted
 Examples:
• Sinusoidal sequence; x[n] = cos
• Exponential sequence; x[n] =
• Ramp sequence; x[n] = 𝛂 n
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 Deterministic and Random Signals
 random Signal
 A signal characterized by uncertainty about its occurrence is

called a non-deterministic or random signal
 It cannot be represented by any mathematical equation
 Its behavior is probabilistic in nature and can be analysed only by

a stochastic process
 It amplitude and phase at any time instant cannot be predicted in

advance
 Example:
• Thermal noise
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 Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences
 Periodic Signal
 A signal that has a definite pattern and repeats itself at regular intervals of
time
 A discrete-time signal, x[n], is said to be periodic if it satisfies the

condition;
x[n] = x[ n + N ]
for all integers of n
 as fundamental period, N
 N = ; where, = angular frequency
 Examples of periodic sequences are shown in the next slide

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 Periodic Signal
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 Aperiodic Signal
 A signal which does not repeat itself at regular intervals of time
 An aperiodic discrete-time signal, x[n], does NOT satisfy the

condition
 Examples of aperiodic sequences are shown below
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 Energy and Power Signals
 Energy Signal
 A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only if its total energy ,

E, over the interval, ( - , )
 For an energy signal, average power, P = 0
 Non-periodic signals which are defined over a finite time (also

called time limited signals) are the examples of energy signals
 The total energy of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as,
E =
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 Power Signal
 A signal is said to be a power signal if its average power, P, is finite

(i.e., 0 < P < ∞ )
 For a power signal, total energy, E = ∞ = 0
 Periodic signals are examples of power signals
 The average power, P, of a discrete-time signal x[n] is defined as,
P =
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 Both energy and power signals are mutually exclusive, i.e., no signal can be
both energy signal and power signal
 The signals that do not satisfy the properties as outlined, are neither
energy signals nor power signals
 Examples:
• x[n] = u[n]
• x[n] = n u[n]
• x[n] = u[n]
 These are signals for which neither P nor E are finite
 If the signals contain infinite energy and zero power, or infinite energy and
infinite power, they are neither energy nor power signals
 If the signal amplitude becomes zero as |n| , it is an energy signal
 If the signal amplitude does not becomes zero as |n| , it is a power signal
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 Causal and Non-causal Signals
 A discrete-time signal x[n] is said to be causal if x[n] = 0 for n < 0,

otherwise the signal is non-causal
 A discrete-time signal is said to be non-causal(or anti causal) if

x[n] = 0 for n > 0
 A causal signal does not exist for negative time
 An anti causal signal does not exist for positive time
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 Even and Odd Signals
 Any signal, x[n], can be represented as a sum of even and odd

components;
x[n] = +
Where,
= even component; = odd component
 A discrete-time signal is said to be an even (symmetric) signal if it

satisfies the condition;
x[n] = x[-n] for all n
 Examples of even signals are shown in the next slide
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 Illustration of even signals
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 A discrete-time signal, x[n], is said to be odd (anti symmetric)

if it satisfies the condition;
x[n] = - x[n] for all n
 Some odd signals are illustrated below
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 Evaluation of Even and Odd Parts of a Signal
 x[n] = + (1)
 x[-n] = + = - (2)
 Adding (1) and (2) yields,
 x[n] + x[-n] = { + } + { - } = 2
Similarly,
x[n] - x[-n] = { + } - { - } = 2
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CLASSIFICATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SIGNA
 The product of two even or odd signals is an even signal
 The product of even signal and odd signal is an odd signal
 Every signal need not be either purely even or purely odd

signal, but every signal can be decomposed into sum of even
and odd parts
 An arbitrary signal, x[n] , can be synthesized as a weighted

sum of delayed and scaled unit sample sequence, such as,
= δ (n-k)
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WORKED EXAMPLES
 Example(1)
Find the even and odd components of the signal;
x[n] =
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WORKED EXAMPLES
 Solution to Example(1)
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WORKED EXAMPLES
 Example(2)
Find if the following signal is causal or non - causal;
x[n] = u[n+1]
 Solution to example(2)
The given signal exists for n < 0
Therefore the signal is non causal
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WORKED EXAMPLES
 Example(3)
Find whether the following signal is power or energy signal
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WORKED EXAMPLES
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WORKED EXAMPLES
 Example(4)
Determine whether the following discrete-time signal is periodic or

aperiodic. If it is periodic, find the fundamental period
x[n] = 1 + -
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WORKED EXAMPLES
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Week 2

 The basic operations on sequences are as follows:

ii. Time Reversal

iii. Time Scaling

iv. Amplitude Scaling

vi. Signal Multiplication

 Time shifting may result in time delay or time advance

 Time shifting of discrete-time signal can be represented by,

 If k is positive, it is a delay and the shift is to the right

 If k is negative, it is advance and the shift is to the left

 Some examples are shown in the next slide

 The time reversal or folding is obtained by folding the signal

 It is the reflection of the original signal

 It is obtained by replacing the independent variable, n by -n

 Examples of time reversal are shown in the next slide

 The signal x[-n+3] is obtained by delaying (shifting to the right)

 The signal x[-n-3] is obtained by advancing (shifting to the left)

 Other examples are also shown

 Amplitude scaling can be represented as,

 Time scaling may be time expansion or time compression

 Time scaling can be represented mathematically as,

 When a > 1, it is time compression

 When a < 1, it is time expansion

 Signal addition and subtraction

 The multiplication of two discrete-time sequences ; x1[n] and x2[n] can be

 Signals are classified according to their nature and characteristics in the

 Continuous in both amplitude and time

 The independent variable is t

• Discrete - time signals:

 defined only at discrete instants of time.

 Continuous in amplitude but discrete in time

 The independent variable is n

 Illustration of continuous-time and discrete-time signals

 Both continuous-time and discrete-time signals are further

i. Deterministic and random signals

ii. Periodic and non-periodic(aperiodic) signals

iii. Energy and power signals

iv. Causal and non-causal signals

v. Even and odd signals

 Deterministic and Random Signals

 A signal that exhibits no uncertainty of its amplitude and phase at

 It can be completely represented by mathematical equation at any

• Sinusoidal sequence; x[n] = cos

• Exponential sequence; x[n] =

• Ramp sequence; x[n] = 𝛂 n

 Deterministic and Random Signals

 A signal characterized by uncertainty about its occurrence is

 It cannot be represented by any mathematical equation

 Its behavior is probabilistic in nature and can be analysed only by

 It amplitude and phase at any time instant cannot be predicted in

 Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences

 A discrete-time signal, x[n], is said to be periodic if it satisfies the

for all integers of n

 N = ; where, = angular frequency

 Examples of periodic sequences are shown in the next slide

 Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences

 Periodic and Aperiodic Sequences

 A signal which does not repeat itself at regular intervals of time

 An aperiodic discrete-time signal, x[n], does NOT satisfy the

 Examples of aperiodic sequences are shown below

 Energy and Power Signals

 A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only if its total energy ,

 For an energy signal, average power, P = 0