Analog and Digital Communication

Analog and Digital communication
Fourier
Fourier series: Periodic Signal
and
Fourier transform: aperiodic Signal
and
2
Fourier Transform Derivation
• The Fourier series can only be used for periodic

signals.
• We may use Fourier series to motivate the Fourier
transform.
• How can the results be extended for Aperiodic
signals such as g(t) of limited length T ?
3
Fourier Transform
To is made long enough

to avoid overlapping
between the repeating
pulses
The pulses in the periodic signal

repeat after an infinite interval
4
Fourier Transform
Observe the nature of the spectrum changes as To increases. Let

define G(w) a continuous function of w
Fourier coefficients Dn are

1/To times the samples of
G(w) uniformly spaced at
wo rad/sec
5
Fourier Transform
is the envelope for the coefficients Dn
Let To   by doubling To
repeatedly Doubling To halves the
fundamental frequency
wo and twice samples in
the spectrum
6
Fourier Transform
If we continue doubling To repeatedly, the spectrum becomes

denser while its magnitude becomes smaller, but the relative
shape of the envelope will remain the same.
Spectral components are spaced at
To  Dn  wo  zero (infinitesimal) interval
 0 0
Then Fourier series can be expressed as:
7
Fourier Transform
As
8
Fourier Transform
 9
Fourier Transform
10
Fourier Transform
11
Fourier Transform
12
Example 1
Solution:

G(w)  g(t)e 
 jwt
dt

13
Cont. Example 1
Fourier spectrum
14
Compact Notation for some useful
Functions
15
Functions
2) Unit triangle function:
16
Functions
3) Interpolation function sinc(x):

The function sinx x “sine over argument” is called sinc
function given by sinc function plays an
important role in signal
processing
17
Some useful Functions
18
2) Unit triangle function:
19
3) Interpolation function sinc(x):

The function sinx x “sine over argument” is called sinc
function given by sinc function plays an
important role in signal
processing
20
Example 2
Consider

Fourier transform
21
cont. Example 2
Therefore
22
cont.Example 2
Spectrum:
23
Example 3
24
Example 4
Spectrum of a constant signal g(t) =1 is an
impulse 2  ( w)
Fourier transform of g(t) is spectral representation of everlasting exponentials

components of of the form e jwt . Here we need single exponential e jwt
component with w = 0, results in a single spectrum at a single frequency
25
w=0
Example 5
Spectrum of the everlasting exponential is a single impulse at w  w o

e jw o t
Similarly we can represent:

26
Example 6
According to Euler formula:
As and
27
cont. Example 6
Spectrum:
28
Example 7
Spectrum of the everlasting exponential is a single impulse at w  w o

e jw o t
Similarly we can represent:

29
Example 8
According to Euler formula:
As and
30
cont. Example 3.6
Spectrum:
31
Table Cont..
Some properties of Fourier transform
34
35
Symmetry of Direct and Inverse Transform Operations—

1- Time frequency duality:
•g(t) and G(w) are remarkable
similar.
•Two minor changes, 2 and opposite
signs in the exponentials
36
2- Symmetry property
(1)
Changing t to w yields Eq. (1) 37

Symmetry property on pair of signals:
38
39
3- Scaling property:
40
The function g(at) represents the function g(t) compressed in
time by a factor a
The scaling property states that:
Time compression  spectral expansion
Time expansion  spectral compression
41
Reciprocity of the Signal Duration and its Bandwidth
As g(t) is wider, its spectrum is narrower and vice versa.
Doubling the signal duration halves its bandwidth.
Bandwidth of a signal is inversely proportional to the signal duration
or width.
42
4- Time-Shifting property
Delaying a signal by to does not change

its spectrum.
Phase spectrum is changed by  wto
43
Physical explanation of time shifting property:
Time delay in a signal causes linear phase shift in its spectrum
44
5- Frequency-Shifting
Property:
w  wo
Multiplication of a signal by a factor of e jwo
t shifts its spectrum by
45
e jwot
is not a real function that can be generated
In practice frequency shift is achieved by multiplying g(t) by a
sinusoid as:
Multiplying g(t) by a sinusoid of frequency wo

shift the spectrum G(w) by  wo
Multiplication of sinusoid by g(t) amounts to modulating the sinusoid

amplitude. This type of modulation is called amplitude modulation.
46
6- Convolution Property:
47
is given by (time shifting property)

7- Time Differentiation and Time integration
Property:
49
Differentiation of both sides of above Equation gives

51

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Analog and Digital communication

Fourier series: Periodic Signal

Fourier transform: aperiodic Signal

• The Fourier series can only be used for periodic

To is made long enough

The pulses in the periodic signal

Observe the nature of the spectrum changes as To increases. Let

Fourier coefficients Dn are

is the envelope for the coefficients Dn

If we continue doubling To repeatedly, the spectrum becomes

Then Fourier series can be expressed as:

2) Unit triangle function:

3) Interpolation function sinc(x):

2) Unit triangle function:

3) Interpolation function sinc(x):

Spectrum of a constant signal g(t) =1 is an

Fourier transform of g(t) is spectral representation of everlasting exponentials

Spectrum of the everlasting exponential is a single impulse at w  w o

Similarly we can represent:

According to Euler formula:

Spectrum of the everlasting exponential is a single impulse at w  w o

Similarly we can represent:

According to Euler formula:

Symmetry of Direct and Inverse Transform Operations—

Changing t to w yields Eq. (1) 37

Symmetry property on pair of signals:

Delaying a signal by to does not change

Physical explanation of time shifting property:

Time delay in a signal causes linear phase shift in its spectrum

Multiplying g(t) by a sinusoid of frequency wo

Multiplication of sinusoid by g(t) amounts to modulating the sinusoid

is given by (time shifting property)

Differentiation of both sides of above Equation gives

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